BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We determined the localization of leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase (L-12-LO) in murine nasal mucosa and to investigate the expression of L-12-LO according to the development of murine nasal mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Immunohistochemical staining was done on the nasal mucosa of mice at gestational days 16, 17, 18, and mice at postnatal days 1, 3, 7, 14, and adult mice. Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff staining on murine nasal mucosa was performed. RESULTS: In murine nasal respiratory mucosa, the expression of L-12-LO was noted in ciliated epithelial cells, basal cells, serous acini, and secretory ducts, but it was not found in the mucous acini and goblet cells. In olfactory mucosa, the expression of L-12-LO was noted in the olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. The expression in respiratory mucosa according to the development was strongly noticed from the gestational day 16 through postnatal day 7. The expression in postnatal day 14 and adult mice was weaker than in the previous time point. The expression in olfactory mucosa showed no difference throughout the developmental stage. CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, we found the exact localization of L-12-LO in murine nasal mucosa, and we also found the different expression of L-12-LO between the respiratory and olfactory mucosa. This fact suggests the possible involvement of L-12-LO in the development of murine respiratory mucosa.
Adult ; Alcian Blue ; Animals ; Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase* ; Epithelial Cells ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Respiratory Mucosa

The present study was carried out to investigate the glycoconjugate properties of the nasal mucosa in the rat after inhalation of formaldehyde. Sprague-Dawley male rats were inhalated 30 ppm formaldehyde for 3 times with 3 hours exposure. The olfactory and respiratory mucosa in the nasal mucosa were taken from the animals on 3, 6,9 days and 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks after inhalation of formaldehyde. The properties of glycoconjugate of the olfactory and respiratory mucosa were investigated using nine biotinylated lectins (PSA, UEA I, PHA-L, BSL I, PNA, MAL I, DBA, BSL II or sWGA). In experimental groups, the degenerative changes of the olfactory epithelium were observed until 3 weeks after inhalation of formaldehyde, but the respiratory epithelium was no change. In control group, the olfactory cells in the olfactory epithelium reacted with PSA, UEA I, PNA, DBA, BSL II, sWGA, and the supporting cells reacted with PSA, PHA-L, PNA, MAL I, DBA, BSL II, sWGA, and Bowman's glands reacted with all the lectins. In experimental groups, the olfactory cells reacted with UEA I, DBA, and the supporting cells reacted with PHA-L, MAL I, DBA, UEA I, and the positive reaction of Bowman's glands was increased. In control group, the goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium reacted with UEA I, MAL I, and the ciliated columnar cells reacted with PSA, UEA I, PHA-L, BSL I, DBA, BSL II, sWGA, and the septal nasal glands reacted with all the lectins except UEA I. In experimental groups, the goblet cells reacted with UEA I, MAL I and PNA. Conclusively, the olfactory mucosa was shown a lot of changes in the properties of glycoconjugates following inhalation of formaldehyde, but respiratory mucosa was shown feeble change. These results suggest that there were different sugar residues of glycoconjugate in the olfactory and respiratory mucosa following inhalation of formaldehyde, respectively.
Animals ; Formaldehyde ; Glycoconjugates ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Lectins ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Phytohemagglutinins ; Rats ; Respiratory Mucosa ; Wheat Germ Agglutinins

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intranasal Mometasone furoate instillation into the nasal cavity of mice which had peripherally induced anosmia. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Three groups of mice were studied: normal control group (nasal instillation of normal saline, n=6), Mometasone furoate non-instillation group (no treatment after nasal instillation of zinc sulfate, n=12), and Mometasone furoate instillation group (daily mometasone furoate instillation after nasal instillation of zinc sulfate, n=12). Tissues of olfactory mucosa were obtained on 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks after the instillation of zinc sulfate, and processed for immunohistochemistry using antisera to olfactory marker protein (OMP) for evaluation of olfactory regeneration. RESULTS: No OMP-positive cells were observed in the first week after the instillation of zinc sulfate in both groups. However, OMP-positive cells began appearing in the second week in both groups and gradually increased as time goes by. In the Mometasone furoate instillation group, the increase of OMP-positive cells was significantly greater than that of Mometasone furoate non-instillation group. CONCLUSION: Mometasone furoate instillation enhances regeneration of olfactory receptor cells after injury. Mometasone furoate instillation can be suggested as an effective treatment modality for olfactory dysfunction.
Animals ; Immune Sera ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice* ; Nasal Cavity ; Olfaction Disorders ; Olfactory Marker Protein ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; Regeneration ; Smell ; Zinc Sulfate ; Mometasone Furoate

Over the last decades, piles of data have been accumulated to understand the olfactory sensation in every aspect, ranging from the intracellular signaling to cognitive perception. This review focuses on the ion conduction through multiple ion channels expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to describe how odorant binding to olfactory receptors is transduced into an electrical signal. Olfactory signal transduction and the generation of the depolarizing receptor current occur in the cilia, where the unique extraciliary environment of the nasal mucosa assists in the neuronal activation. Upon contacting with odorants, OSNs dissociate G protein-coupled receptors, initiating a signal transduction pathway that leads to firing of action potential. This signaling pathway has a unique, two step organization: a cAMP-gated Ca2+ (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CACC), both of which contribute to signal amplification. This transduction mechanism requires an outward-directed driving force of Cl- established by active accumulation of Cl- within the lumen of the sensory cilia. To permit Cl- accumulation, OSNs avoid the expression of the 'Chloride Sensor: WNK3', that functions as the main Cl- exclusion co-transporter in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Cl- accumulation provides OSNs with the driving force for the depolarization, increasing the excitatory response magnitude. This is an interesting adaptation because of the fact that the olfactory cilia reside in the mucus, outside the body, where the concentrations of ions are not as well regulated as they are in normal interstitial compartments.
Action Potentials ; Central Nervous System ; Cilia ; Fires ; Ion Channels ; Ions ; Mucus ; Nasal Mucosa ; Neurons ; Odors ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; Sensation ; Sensory Receptor Cells* ; Signal Transduction ; Smell

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The cessation of airflow in nasal cavity after total laryngectomy could influence the function and morphology of the nasal mucosa. The effect on human nasal mucosa after total laryngectomy was investigated with endoscopic photographs and biopsies. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Twenty-two laryngectomees were studied and compared with 15 normal controls. Inferior turbinate was checked with 0 degree endoscopic photographs, and the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) scale was analysed by a histogram of adobe photoshop 6.0. In thirteen patients, inferior turbinate mucosa was taken for microscopic examination. RESULTS: The difference of RGB scale between laryngectomees and normal control was statistically significant with the exception of the Red. Furthermore, the anterior part of the inferior turbinate was found to consist of ciliated columnar epitheliums which contained goblet cells. CONCLUSION: This study implicates that the stimulation of nasal airflow affects the function and morphology of the human nasal mucosa.
Biopsy ; Epithelium ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Laryngectomy* ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Mucosa ; Respiration ; Turbinates*

BACKGROUND: The nasal mucosa is degenerated by inflammations, physical stimulations such as cessation of air flow, and other chemical stimulations. And it is regenerated regularly by newly differentiated cells. OBJECTIVES: In order to investigate the morphologic changes of the nasal mucosa and regenerating activities in sinusitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors made animal models of acute maxillary sinusitis by obstructing the natural ostium of maxillary sinus of rabbit and inoculating Staphylococcus aureus colonies. Each contralateral side was used as control. The rabbits were sacrificed after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Morphologic changes of the nasal mucosa and regenerating activities of the olfactory mucosa were observed with Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry using BrdU. RESULTS: Purulent sinusitis was developed in all rabbits. Light microscopy showed that nasal mucosa revealed inflammatory changes such as edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia, polypoid change, epithelial ulceration, and submucosal connective tissue proliferation. BrdU-labelled cells were observed mainly in the basal cell layer of the olfactory mucosa, and their numbers in the control sides were significantly higher than in the experimental sides. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that acute infection of the maxillary sinus induces inflammatory changes of both respiratory and olfactory mucosa of the nose and decreases the regenerating activity of olfactory mucosa.
Bromodeoxyuridine ; Connective Tissue ; Edema ; Goblet Cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Maxillary Sinus* ; Maxillary Sinusitis* ; Metaplasia ; Microscopy ; Models, Animal ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Nose ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Physical Stimulation ; Rabbits* ; Sinusitis ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Stimulation, Chemical ; Ulcer

No abstract available.
Nasal Mucosa*

No abstract available.
Nasal Mucosa*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: MUC5AC is known to be a major secretory mucin in goblet cells of the mucosa of human lower respiratory tract. But in our preliminary study, we found that the levels of MUC8 mRNAs were significantly increased in the biopsy specimens of the nasal polyps whereas other mucin genes were not. This suggests the possibility that MUC8 might be one of the major overexpressed mucins in the nasal polyps. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cellular location of MUC5AC and MUC8 mRNA. Material and methods : Normal posterior ethmoid mucosa and the polyp tissue were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and were hybridized with the RNA riboprobe for MUC8 and the oligonucleotide probe for MUC5AC in the presence of digoxigenin (DIG). RESULT: In the normal posterior ethmoid mucosa, MUC 5AC mRNA and MUC8 mRNA were barely expressed in the epithelium and the submucosal glands. In the polyp epithelium, the expression of MUC 5AC mRNA was localized in the cytoplasm of goblet cells and the expression of MUC8 mRNA was strongly localized in the nucelus of the goblet cells, and weakly localized in the cytoplasm of the goblet cells. MUC8 mRNA was also expressed in low levels in the nucleus of the submucosal glands. CONCLUSION: MUC8 mRNA is localized mainly in the nucleus of goblet cells and is one of the major mucin genes overexpressed in goblet cells of thnasal polyp.
Biopsy ; Cytoplasm ; Digoxigenin ; Epithelium ; Goblet Cells ; Humans* ; Mucins ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Nasal Polyps ; Polyps ; Respiratory System ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger*

The experiments of this study was performed to investigate the effects of sulfur dioxide on the changes of glycoconjugates of respiratory system of the rat. Sprague -Dawley male rats weighing about 200 ~250g were divided into a control group and SO2 exposed groups. Again SO2 exposed groups were divided into 10 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm subgroups according to concentrations of SO2 and each SO2 exposed groups were divided into 1, 3 and 6 hours groups. For the histological changes, H -E(hematoxylin -eosin) and PAS(periodic acid Schiff) staining were used and to investigate the change of sugar residues of glycoconjugates, biotinylated lectins(DBA, SBA, PNA, BSL -1, sWGA, UEA -1, LCA and Con A) were applied. Generally, the effects of SO2 on the rat nasal respiratory region were more serious at the high concentrations. Moreover, as the exposed time was longer even at the low concentrations, the effects of SO2 were similar to those of high concentration. Compared with all SO2 concentrations, the longer exposed time was, the more serious the effects of SO2 were. In the SO2 exposed groups the binding of PNA, RCA -1 and UEA -1 of cilia in the nasal septal respiratory epithelium tended to increase in the 10 ppm and 25 ppm SO2 exposed groups but it tended to decrease in the 100 ppm and 200 ppm SO2 exposed groups. In the cytoplasm of columnar cells of nasal septal respiratory epithelium, Con A binding increased in all the SO2 exposed groups. In the goblet cells DBA, SBA, PNA, RCA -1 and UEA -1 binding increased remarkably in the 50 ppm SO2 exposed groups but it decreased largely or disappeared in the 100 ppm and 200 ppm SO2 exposed groups. The binding of SBA, PNA, BSL -1, UEA -1 and Con A in the intraepithelial mucous cells which were not detected in the control group, increased in the 25 ppm and 50 ppm SO2 exposed groups while it tended to decrease in the 100 ppm and 200 ppm SO2 exposed groups. The binding of sWGA increased according to the concentrations of SO2 were higher and exposed times were longer. In the superior nasal septal gland, the binding of PNA increased in the 50 ppm and 100 ppm SO2 exposed groups and that of Con A increased in the 25 ppm and 50 ppm SO2 exposed groups. In the inferior nasal septal gland, except for LCA, the binding of the other lectins increased remarkably in the 25 ppm and 50 ppm SO2 exposed groups but it tended to decrease in the 100 ppm and 200 ppm SO2 groups. In the mucous duct cells, the reaction of PNA and RCA -1 increased compared with that of the control group. And the reaction of BSL -1 and UEA -1 increased in the lower concentrations of 50 ppm SO2 exposed group but it decreased in the 100 ppm and 200 ppm SO2 exposed groups. The binding of Con A increased in the 25 ppm and 50 ppm SO2 exposed groups. Consequently, from the results above mentioned that SO2 affected serious changes on glycoconjugates metabolism in the nasal cavity.
Animals ; Cilia ; Cytoplasm ; Glycoconjugates* ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Lectins ; Male ; Metabolism ; Nasal Cavity* ; Rats* ; Respiratory Mucosa* ; Respiratory System ; Sulfur Dioxide