A questionnaire to investigate the uses of topical ophthalmic drugs without doctor's presciption was made up to the general public. The subjects of study were 446 outpatients' guardians, and 46.1% of them had an experience of purchasing the topical ophthalmic drugs without doctor's prescription. The main cause of purchasing the drugs is conjunctival hyperemia. The kinds of drugs used were 8 of anti-infectives, 5 of corticosteroids, 5 of decongestants, and 2 of others, of which the decongestants were the most purchased drugs without doctor's prescription. About one third of them used the drugs irregulary, or more than 1 month. The rate of no improvement after the use of drugs was 58.8%.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Hyperemia ; Nasal Decongestants ; Prescriptions* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was designed to analyze normal nasal respiratory resistance in prepubertal children. The subjects consisted of 30 prepubertal children (male: 15, female: 15). The mean age was 11.4 years in male children and 11. 5 years in female children. The results were as follows: 1. The normal nasal respiratory patency was lower than the normal values from RION corp. 2. The normal nasal respiratory airflow rates showed no sexual differences. And there were no differences between inspiration and expiration. 3. Before and after use of nasal decongestants, there were no significant differences of normal nasal respiratory airflow rates and after the administration of nasal decongestants, nasal respiratory patency manifested lower variability. 4. The normal nasal respiratory resistance without nasal decongestants at 150 Pascal in inspiration was 0.30 Pa/cm3/sec (+/-0.07) and peak nasal inspiratory airflow rate was 1016.83cm3/sec (+/-223.89). 5. The normal nasal respiratory resistance with nasal decongestant at 150 Pascal in inspiration was 0.25 Pa/cm3/sec (+/-0.05) and peak nasal inspiratory airflow rate was 1148.33cm3/sec (+/-234.29).
Child* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nasal Decongestants ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; Reference Values

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Viral rhinitis has been considered as an important part in the clinical activity of the ENT specialists in private practice. However, the estimate of how big a proportion the viral rhinitis has and how it is being treated in otolaryngic private practitioners has not been published yet. Thus we aimed to investigate these issues in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred ENT specialists privately practicing in Seoul, Gyeongki, and Choongcheong area were selected. Questionnaire pertaining to the proportion of viral rhinitis patient on their practice and their way of treatment was mailed to the selected doctors. RESULTS: The patients presenting with viral rhinitis symptom constitutes 38.9% of their patient population on the average. Most patients with viral rhinitis visited ENT specialists within 7 day after onset of rhinitis symptom. The mean duration of prescription for the patients not having complication was 4.3 days. The most frequently prescribed medication for viral rhinitis was first generation antihistamine, systemic decongestants, nebulization, and NSAID in order of frequency. The most annoying symptom for the viral rhinitis patients was nasal obstruction. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that viral rhinitis takes an important position in the otolaryngic private practice.
Humans ; Nasal Decongestants ; Nasal Obstruction ; Postal Service ; Prescriptions ; Private Practice ; Rhinitis* ; Seoul ; Specialization ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was designed to analyze nasal respiratory patency and its correlation with skeletal components in growing children with anterior crossbite. The subjects consisted of 40 control patients, 24 nose breathers with anterior crossbite and 18 mouth breathers with anterior crossbite. The mean age was 11.4 years in the control group, 10.1 years in nose breathing group and 9.5 years in mouth breathing group. The results were as follows, 1. In anterior cross bite group, and nasal respiratory airflow rates (N.R.A.R.) was significantly lower than that of control group regardless of nasal decongestants application. 2. The N.R.A.R. of mouth breathers with anterior crossbite in male group was significantly lower than that of mouth breathers, but increased to the level of control group after nasal decongestants application. But in female group, the N.R.A.R. was significantly lower in mouth breathing group at both conditions. 3. Mouth breathing group showed smaller anterior vertical nasal cavity height (ANS-ANS'), lower upper anterior facial height ratios (N-sp'/N-Me) and higher maxillary occlusal plane ratios (OL-ML/ML-NL) than those of nose breathing group with anterior crossibte. 4. Items showing nasal height (ANS-ANS', PNS-PNS'), anterior upper facial height (N-sp') was were strongly correlated with N.R.A.R. at 150 pascal in inspiration. But item showing maxillary occlusal plane ratios (OL-ML/ML-NS) was negatively correlated with N.R.A.R. at 150 pascal in inspiration. 5. There were forward tongue position in mouth breathing group, but it was not significantly correlated with N.R.A.R. at 150 pascal in inspiration.
Child* ; Dental Occlusion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion* ; Mouth ; Mouth Breathing ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Decongestants ; Nose ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; Respiration ; Tongue

Vasoconstrictive properties of sympathomimetic drugs are the basis of their widespread use as decongestants and possible source of adverse responses. Insufficiently substantiated practice of combining decongestants in some marketed preparations, such are those containing phenylephrine and lerimazoline, may affect the overall contractile activity, and thus their therapeutic utility. This study aimed to examine the interaction between lerimazoline and phenylephrine in isolated rat aortic rings, and also to assess the substrate of the obtained lerimazoline-induced attenuation of phenylephrine contraction. Namely, while lower concentrations of lerimazoline (10⁻⁶ M and especially 10⁻⁷ M) expectedly tended to potentiate the phenylephrine-induced contractions, lerimazoline in higher concentrations (10⁻⁴ M and above) unexpectedly and profoundly depleted the phenylephrine concentration-response curve. Suppression of NO with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(w)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10⁻⁴ M) or NO scavanger OHB₁₂ (10⁻³ M), as well as non-specific inhibition of K⁺-channels with tetraethylammonium (TEA; 10⁻³ M), have reversed lerimazoline-induced relaxation of phenylephrine contractions, while cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10⁻⁵ M) did not affect the interaction between two vasoconstrictors. At the receptor level, non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist methiothepin reversed the attenuating effect of lerimazoline on phenylephrine contraction when applied at 3×10⁻⁷ and 10⁻⁶ M, but not at the highest concentration (10⁻⁴ M). Neither the 5-HT1D-receptor selective antagonist BRL 15572 (10⁻⁶ M) nor 5-HT₇ receptor selective antagonist SB 269970 (10⁻⁶ M) affected the lerimazoline-induced attenuation of phenylephrine activity. The mechanism of lerimazoline-induced suppression of phenylephrine contractions may involve potentiation of activity of NO and K⁺-channels and activation of some methiothepin-sensitive receptors, possibly of the 5-HT(2B) subtype.
Animals ; Aorta* ; Indomethacin ; Methiothepin ; Nasal Decongestants ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Phenylephrine* ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Rats* ; Relaxation ; Serotonin ; Sympathomimetics ; Tetraethylammonium ; Vasoconstrictor Agents

The cause of congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis is unclear. The development of the facial skeleton occurs between the fifth and the eighth week of gestation. It is at this stage that the stenosis occurs due to overgrowth of the ossification of the maxilla. Infants are obligate nasal breathers. Incomplete and milder forms of nasal airway obstruction may be present with mild respiratory distress, cyanosis, respiratory failure, asphyxia and eventual death. The diagnosis is done by CT, which demonstrates marked narrowing of the nasal inlet. Mild stenosis can be managed conservatively with humidification and topical decongestants but if conservative treatment fails, surgical intervention is candidate. We report a case of congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis. The patient, a 2-day old male neonate, had cyanosis during feeding and noisy breathing relieved by crying. His symptoms and signs were improved with surgical intervention without development disturbances.
Asphyxia ; Bays ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Crying ; Cyanosis ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Maxilla ; Nasal Decongestants ; Nasal Obstruction ; Pregnancy ; Respiration ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Skeleton

OBJECTIVES: The maxillary sinus mucosa is reported to recover to preoperative sterility after sinus floor elevation. However, when drainage of maxillary sinus is impaired, recovery can be delayed and maxillary sinusitis can occur. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the correlations between anatomic variants that can interrupt the ostium of the maxillary sinus and incidence of complication after sinus lifting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects are 81 patients who underwent sinus lifting in Wonkwang University Dental Hospital (Iksan, Korea). Computed tomography (CT) images of the subjects were reviewed for presence of nasal septum deviation, anatomic variants of the middle turbinate, and Haller cells. Correlations between anatomic variations and occurrence of maxillary sinusitis were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Patients with anatomic variants of ostio-meatal units, such as deviated nasal septum, concha bullosa or paradoxical curvature of the middle turbinate, or Haller cells, showed a higher rate of complication. However, only presence of Haller cell showed statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Before sinus lifting, CT images are recommended to detect anatomic variants of the ostio-meatal complex. If disadvantageous anatomic variants are detected, the use of nasal decongestants should be considered to reduce the risk of postoperative sinusitis.
Anatomic Variation ; Drainage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infertility ; Lifting* ; Maxillary Sinus* ; Maxillary Sinusitis ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Decongestants ; Nasal Septum ; Postoperative Complications* ; Sinus Floor Augmentation ; Sinusitis ; Turbinates

The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis can generally be made on the basis of the history and physical examination. The history helps establish seasonality, potentially inciting factors, and co-morbidities including sinusitis, nasal polyps, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. On physical examination, the nasal mucous membranes are pale, wet, and boggy. Allergy testing is performed in order to confirm the diagnosis and which allergens are relevant to the symptoms. The management of allergic rhinitis includes allergen avoidance, pharmacologic treatment, and specific immunotherapy. Mild symptoms are easily controlled with either a second-generation antihistamine or a nasal corticosteroid alone. For patients with moderate-to-severe symptoms with nasal congestion as a predominant finding, therapy should be started with daily use of a nasal corticosteroid, which would be combined with other medications, such as antihistamines and decongestants. Specific immunotherapy is generally reserved for the selected patients whose symptoms are inadequately controlled with a pharmacotherapy and allergen avoidance.
Allergens ; Asthma ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunotherapy ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Decongestants ; Nasal Polyps ; Physical Examination ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Seasons ; Sinusitis ; Skin Tests

Common cold is a conventional term for a mild upper respiratory illness characterized by symptoms of nasal stuffiness, rhinorrhea, sneezing, sore throat, and cough. Management of the common cold is intended to provide temporary relief of symptoms until the cold completes its natural history, as well as to reduce the risk of complications. However, most studies for cold preparations focus on adults, and there are limited and conflicting evidences for children. Various preparations for cough/cold are available, which include antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, analgesics/antipyretics, and some combination products. Nonpharmacologic therapies are also important and it is generally agreed that such supportive cares should form the mainstay of treatment for children with common colds. Adverse effects of the specific types of cold preparations should be considered carefully for very young children. In addition, it is very important to educate parents about the natural course of common cold, along with appropriate use correct dosages and potential adverse effects of cold preparations.
Adult ; Antitussive Agents ; Child ; Cold Temperature ; Common Cold ; Cough ; Expectorants ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Infant ; Nasal Decongestants ; Natural History ; Parents ; Pharyngitis ; Sneezing

OBJECTIVES: To identify the optimal pharmacological method of preparing patients for nasal endoscopy. METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Four types of medications were applied in their nostrils with binary combinations of spray bottles on four different days in a random order: placebo (normal saline [NS]+NS), decongestant (NS+oxymetazoline), anesthetic (NS+lidocaine), and decongestant plus anesthetic (oxymetazoline+lidocaine). Rigid nasal endoscopy was performed 10 minutes after spray application. The volunteers evaluated the discomfort caused by each spray application, and nasal pain scores due to the passage of the endoscope. The physicians quantified nasal decongestion using a visual analogue scale. Endoscopy duration as well as pulse and mean blood pressure (MBP) before spray application, 10 minutes after the application, and immediately after endoscopic examination were also recorded. RESULTS: The discomfort caused by lidocaine was significantly higher than that caused by the other sprays (P<0.001). The lowest pain score related to endoscopy was obtained for oxymetazoline+lidocaine (P<0.001). Nasal decongestion was best achieved with NS+oxymetazoline (P<0.001). Endoscopy duration was the shortest for oxymetazoline+ lidocaine (P<0.05). Statistically significant MBP changes were only seen with the application of NS+oxymetazoline (P<0.05). However, neither MBP nor pulse rate change was significant clinically. CONCLUSION: Application of decongestant and anesthetic sprays together seems to be the best method of pharmacological preparation of patients for nasal endoscopy.
Anesthetics ; Blood Pressure ; Double-Blind Method* ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Methods* ; Nasal Decongestants ; Oxymetazoline ; Premedication* ; Prospective Studies* ; Volunteers