As Mongolia is one of the countries with a high maternal mortality rate, the main goal of the Ministry of Health is to reduce the maternal mortality rate. According to the 2005 social survey, Mongolias average population growth reached 1.5 percent and 50.4 percent of the population are females including those of reproductive age making up 28.3 percent. Health and sociological surveys conducted in recent years have shown that the number of multiparae and multigravidae is unlikely to fall in the coming years, probably in the next 10 years. The lack of studies of hemostasia and hemodynamic in multiparae who underwent Cesarean sections has served as the grounds for this research. Goal The goal of this research is to develop a method of preventing surgical complications by studying the causes and characteristics of Cesarean sections in multiparae. Objectives: 1. To do a comparative study of changes in hemodynamic and hemostasia before, during, and after Cesarean sections and process the results, 2. To evaluate laboratory test results during Cesarean sections in multiparae. Methodology 1. Research Materials: Analysis materials are the laboratory samples and birth histories of mothers having Cesarean sections. 2. Research Methodology 3. Sampling Frame: The study will involve mothers (approximately 70 mothers) who are hospitalized in Maternal Departments 1 and 2 of the Clinical Maternity Hospital No. 1 and who will be delivered of their children by Cesarean sections. 4. To study the characteristics of Maternal Coagulation System and to do a selective comparison to the result. Results We have made an analysis to determine the indicators of the erythrocytes and coagulation systems before, during, and after sections in order to study the changes taking place in hemodynamic and hemostasia for discovering the changes in the coagulation systems of multiparae. Our research has identifi ed the following indicators of coagulation: clotting time, activated decalcifi cation time, artifi cially activated thromboplastin time, and fi brinogen amount. Each indicator of the test takes part in a particular stage of clotting and indicates failure of clotting factors or dysfunction of particular stages. According to the analysis, the clotting time in multiparae accelerates 1.5 times more than in prima gravidae, creating over clotting of blood. It indicates that the members of this group should be included in a group with a high risk of thromboembolism. The average level of the artifi cially activated thromboplastin time in prima gravidae was 32.24.6 before sections, 32.74.8 during sections, and 383.4 on the second day after sections, while multiparae had 39.73.4 seconds before sections, 37.34.4 seconds during sections, and 35.73.4 seconds on the second day after sections. It shows that these two indicators have no dramatic changes in prima gravidae, but they are shortened in multiparae during all stages of sections, proving a risk of thromboembolism. During normal pregnancy, both fi brinogen and its procoagulant level increase, reaching the maximum level before delivery, and therefore, the protein level is usually high during normal pregnancy. That is to say, changes in the coagulation system are directly dependent (P=0.01). Discussion Some Mongolian researchers who have studied the coagulation system disorders concluded that all indicators of clotting reach their maximum levels at the end of pregnancy and cause over clotting of blood through adaptation mechanisms.Our study has shown that these women have certain infl ammations or clotting disorders, since their pregnancy continues together with obstetrical or system disorders. During our research, the tests for the artifi cially activated thromboplastin time and the activated recalcifi cation time have determined the over clotting of blood, in particular the activity of the internal tract of hemostasia, and identifi ed a risk of thromboembolism. These results are similar to those of the studies conducted by A.Ts. Makatseriya (1997), and Sh.Sh. Rajabova (1997), and other scientists of the Dagestan University. Conclusion 1. Compared to those in the prima gravidae who had Cesarean sections, the artifi cially activated thromboplastin time and the activated recalcifi cation time in the multiparae who have had Cesarean sections fall signifi cantly (P=0.01), and this proves a high risk of thromboembolism. The above mentioned two groups have different fi brinogen levels. The fact that the fi brinogen level in the multiparae increases during and after the sections proves that pregnancy continues together with system or obstetrical disorders. 2. Multiparae belong to a high-risk group. If these women receive antenatal care as early as possible and timely complex measures are taken to reveal and cure system disorders in the mothers and normalize the changes taking place in hemodynamics and hemostasia. It is possible to prevent potential complications during or after sections and reduce maternal and fetal mortality rates.

One of the important problems in obstetricians science is wound infection following cesarean deliveries.It occurs in 2-10%.In the obstetricians practice these disorders decline associated with the use of antibiotics but the last 10 years all countries of the world puerperal infection increases, obstetric causes sepsis purulent difficulties of 150 thousand women deaths per year. Objective: To identify risk factories for wound infection following cesarean delivery.A population – based study. To comparing women who have and have not developed a wound infection prior to discharge from First maternity hospital, Mother and Child National health Centre of Ulaanbaatar, between 2011-2013.Using a logistic regression model, the following risk factors were identified: Sepsis purulent difficulties were more likely to develop in women who have twin pregnancy (OR=4.5; 95% CI 2.4-8.6) and vaginal exam multiple times (OR=6.7; 95% CI 2.1-22). No significant differences between the 2 group who underwent cesarean delivery for indications such as induction of labor, falled induction of labor, presence of meconium – stained amniotic fluid, nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns. Sepsis purulent difficulties (p=0.001) occurred more often in women who were older, multiple pregnancy and delivery, pre-eclampsia, emergency cesarean delivery. The risk to develop sepsis purulent difficulties following cesarean delivery is maternal age, pregnancy, recurrent abortion, gestation age, emergency cesarean delivery, premature rupture of membranes, twin pregnancy and labor complication. (p=0.001)

Background. Puerperal infection following caesarean section remains a major cause of maternalmorbidity and mortality. It is still one of actual problems in Obstetrics and has incidence rate 2-10%. It isestimated 150 000 maternal deaths due to infection worldwide, despite tendency to decline septicemiaafter C-section due to wide usage of antibiotics in the obstetric practice, postpartum infection hasincreased last decade. Post-Caesarean sepsis incidence rate is above 20%. An assortment of pathologicagents may cause puerperal infection including bacteria, virus and parasites. In 30-40s of last centurymain reason of infection was Streptococcus, then in 40-60s major role was played by Staphylococcus,later in 70-80s Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria took its place.Objective. To improve prevention and treatment of post-caesarean sepsis by detection of its causes andantibiotic sensitivity. Materials and methods: We reviewed patients admitted to First Maternity Hospitaland National Center for Maternal and Child Health and who had post-caesarean sepsis between 2011-2013. Statistics analysis had been performed by SPSS-17 software programme, whereas statisticsprocess by X2 test, Fisher test, and t-test. Confi rmation rate was 95%. P<0, 05.Results. The clinical course of 361 post-caesarean patients with septicemia was reviewed prospectively.Primary dysfunctional labour (P<0.033), preterm rupture of the membranes (P<0.0001), ineffectivelabour induction (P<0.001) are risk factors for infectious morbidity. Considerations should be given toprophylactic antibiotic therapy by choosing correct medicine at the correct time. E.coli 29,4%, Intestinalbacteria 9,1%, Staphylococcus epidermis’s 8,9%, Staphylococcus aureus 7,2%, Gram-NegativeBacteria 6,6%, Streptococcus 5,3%, Gram-Positive Bacteria 2,8%, Candida albicans 1,4%, Micoplasma1,1% were responsible for bacteremia, respectively.Conclusion. Bacteriology of all patients diagnosed with post-caesarean sepsis in 74, 7% was positivefor pathologic bacterial cultures. Infection caused by 1 bacteria in 141 cases (39, 1%), by 2 bacteria in 56cases (15, 5%), by 3 bacteria in 2 cases (0, 6%), without any detection of bacteria 162 cases (44, 9%).

Caesarean delivery is frequently complicated by surgical site infections, endometritis and urinary tractinfection. Most surgical site infections occur after discharge from the hospital and increasingly beingused as performance indicators. Worldwide, the rate of caesarean delivery is increasing. Evidencebasedguidelines recommended the use of prophylactic antibiotics before surgical incision. An exceptionis made for caesarean delivery, where narrow-range antibiotics are administered after umbilical cordclamping because of putative neonatal benefit. However, recent evidence supports the use of pre-incision,broad-spectrum antibiotics, which result in a lower rate of maternal morbidity with no disadvantage tothe neonate. The beneficial effect of prophylactic antibiotics in reducing the occurrence of infectiousmorbidity form caesarean section, whether elective or emergency is well established. A single dose offirst-generation cephalosporin is as effective as multiple doses of broad-spectrum agents. Prophylacticantibiotics for caesarean section are commonly used worldwide, and in most institutions a single dose isadministered, generally after clamping of the umbilical cord. However, a recent survey (published in 2011)of maternal and fetal medicine physicians in the USA revealed that 84% of those who responded (theresponse rate was 25%) used preoperative administration. The effectiveness of prophylactic antibioticsdepends on their presence in effective concentrations throughout the operative period. Classen et al.found that administration of prophylactic antibiotics within a 2-hour period preoperatively was associatedwith the lowest surgical wound infection rate. Because of concerns about unnecessary fetal exposure,masking of fetal infection, increases in neonatal septic work-up and the emergence of resistant strainswhen prophylactic antibiotics are given preoperatively, it is a common obstetric practice to administerprophylactic antibiotics after cord clamping.Conclusion:1. Probability for occurring wound infection happens in case of urgent caesarean delivery for patientswho have not administered by preventative antibiotic.2. It has been confirmed that preventative antibiotic administration is proper in special occasions ofcaesarean delivery for women who suffer from anaemia obesity, diabetes, or chronic inflammatorydisease prior to their delivery.3. When preventative antibiotic administration is used 60 minutes before the caesarean delivery,concentration in blood and tissue reaches up to the maximum amount.

In Europe, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent malignancy and the second commonest cause of death from cancer. -The prognosis of CRC patients is dependent on the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examinations allows simultaneous assessment of tumor’s local staging, estimation of its possible invasion into neighboring organs, and detection of nodal and distant metastases; which is essential for appropriate treatment planning and estimation of its outcomes. The lack of reports on CT findings in CRC in Mongolia, increase in CRCmorbidity, and significant potential benefits of early detection served as background for this study.We investigated subjects with histologically proven adenocarcinoma who underwent CRC-related operative treatment either at National Cancer Center, First State Central Hospital, or Ulaanbaatar Songdo Hospital (UBSH) in 2009-2012. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed from the UBSH’ database their preoperative CT, colonoscopy, surgical and pathohistologic reports using PACSPLUS,OCS operation systems. CECT examinations were performed at Siemens Somatom 64 multidetector scanner.Countrywide, 111 patients underwent surgery for colorectal cancer in 2009-2012. Totally, we involved86 subjects, whose age ranged from 25 to 87 years (mean 61.3years ±13.7SD). The F: M= 48 (55.8%) :38 (44.2%).The CECT determined T2 staging in 10/86 (11.6%),T3 in 61/86 (70.9%); T4 in 15/86 (17.4%);a significant difference in T-staging between CECT and histopathological examination (х2=41.28, p=0.00 (p<0.05)) was found. The CECT detected no peritumoral lymphadenopathy (N0) in 39/86 (45.3%), N1 in 18/86 (20.9%) and N2 in 29/86 (33.7%) patients; there was a significant difference in N-staging between CT and histopathological evaluation (х2=17.74, p=0.007(p<0.05)). For T-staging, CECT evaluation yielded sensitivity of 50% in T2 , 83.6% in T3, 71.4% in T4 staging; Diagnostic accuracy of CT for T2 staging was 89.7%, for T3- 78.2%, for T4- 88.7%. For N-staging, CECT had sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 64% and accuracy of 73.8%.Preoperative colorectal cancer patients in Mongolia receive initial MDCT in late stage. The similarsensitivity in staging of T-parameter to that of the international comparable studies. Nodal heterogeneity on CECT was more sensitive for nodal metastases than the size.

Background: The WHO recommends the ideal rate for cesarean section to be 15% of the total birth, but researchers are still attracting attention to the fact that in recent years this rate has been steadily increasing, and risk is not decreasing worldwide. Incidence of postcesarean section inflammation and infection are 8-10 times higher than vaginal birth. The determination of lactate levels in early diagnosis of sepsis is clinically significant and the higher the lactate level increases the risk of mortality. Objective: The aim of the study is to improve early detection of inflammation and infection and prevention of serious complications by using risk factors of postcesarean section inflammation and infection, and detecting procalcitonin and lactate in maternal blood. Materials and Methods: This research is conducted between 2015-2017 based at the “Urguu” Maternity Hospital, Obstetric Clinic of National Center for Maternal and Child Health of Mongolia. Factors affecting postcesarean section inflammation and infection are calculated based on multifactorial regression analysis. Procalcitonin was determined by enzyme binding assay while lactate, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase were determined by “E-311” the fully automated analyzer. Results: According to the results of the study, the probability of inflammatory and infectious complication is 2.4% when the duration of labor increases by one unit, 34.8% when the risk of amniotic fluid increases, 14.6% when the pregnancy process become more complicated. Whereas, excessive fetal weight statistically increases the risk of infection, but its impact is low. The result of the study shows that the procalcitonin sensitivity was 65%, and the specificity was 96%. Lactate resulted in sensitivity of 56%, but with only 67% specificity. C-reactive protein had a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 96%. Lactate dehydrogenase resulted in sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 82% in the diagnosis of sepsis. Conclusion Postterm pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, multifetal pregnancy, prolonged labor, placenta previa, pyelonephritis, chronic hepatitis, chronic hypertensive disorder, anemia, emergency cesarean section, preeclampsia are risk factors and it is statistically significant at (P<0.0001). The biomarkers have a direct correlation to all stages of inflammation and infections, which are important for the diagnosis.