PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the dietary habits of Korean adolescents and to investigate their effects on sleep duration. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis drawn from the 2016 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (N=65,528). ANCOVA was used to determine the relationship between dietary habits and sleep duration. Ordinal logistic regression was used to find out the effects of dietary habits on sleep duration adjusted for general characteristics and behavioral characteristics. RESULTS: The group that consumed no breakfast (AOR=0.89, p < .001) had less sufficient sleep duration than those who had breakfast 7 times per week. The group that had drunk no milk (AOR=0.88, p < .001) had less sufficient sleep duration than those who enjoyed it 5 times per week. On the contrary, the groups that had no soda drinks (AOR=1.18, p=.015), caffeine drinks (AOR=1.77, p < .001), and sweet drinks (AOR=1.25, p < .001) were more likely to have sufficient sleep duration than the groups that consumed those beverages 5 times per week. CONCLUSION: It is important to educate adolescents about healthy eating habits including drinks and optimal sufficient sleep duration through a multidisciplinary approach.
Adolescent ; Beverages ; Breakfast ; Caffeine ; Diet ; Eating ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Milk ; Risk-Taking

Purpose: This study examined the factors affecting mortality and clinical severity score (CSS) of male and female patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) using clinical epidemiological information provided by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational cohort study. From January 21 to April 30, 2020, a total of 5624 patients who were released from quarantine or died were analyzed. Results: The factors influencing release or death that differed by sex were high heart rate and malignancy in males and chronic kidney disease in females. In addition, the factors influencing progression to severe CSS were high BMI (severe obesity) and rheumatic disease in males and high temperature, sputum production, absence of sore throat and headache, chronic kidney disease, malignancy, and chronic liver disease in females. Older age, low lymphocyte count and platelets, dyspnea, diabetes mellitus, dementia, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission affected mortality in all the patients, and older age, low lymphocyte count and platelets, fever, dyspnea, diabetes mellitus, dementia, and ICU admission affected progression to severe stage of CSS. Conclusions This study is expected to contribute to the general results by analyzing nationally representative data. The results of this study present an important basis for development of differentiated nursing and medical management strategies in consideration of factors that influence treatment effects and outcomes according to sex of patients with COVID-19.

PURPOSE: Study purposes were to exam effects of self-care education for children with type 1 diabetes on their diabetes management behaviors and to explore the relationship among diabetes management behaviors, knowledge, self-efficacy and clinical variables. METHODS: This study was a one group quasi-experimental study. Study participants were children with type 1 diabetes and attended a four hour self-care education of a diabetes camp. Data were collected using structured questionnaires including Diabetes Management Behavior Scale (DMBS), Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center's Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test and Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Self-Management. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 12 (+/-2.3) years. After the education, their DMBS and knowledge improved, but the improvement was not statistically significant (t=1.758, p=.101; t=0.528, p=.606). Two areas of DMBS, daily prevention behaviors and modification of care plan, were associated with study variables. Daily prevention behaviors were associated with duration of diabetes (r=.653, p=.008), HbA1c (r=.563, p=.038) and having a complication (r=-2.788, p=.015). Modification of care plan was associated with age at diagnosis (r=-.552, p=.033). CONCLUSION: Children with type 1 diabetes could improve some parts of their diabetes management behaviors even after a short diabetes camp.
Child* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diagnosis ; Disease Management ; Education* ; Humans ; Michigan ; Self Care* ; Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of cardiac knowledge and cardiac self-efficacy on health behaviors after controlling for influences from associating factors of health behaviors in patients with coronary artery diseases (CADs). METHODS: A descriptive correlational and cross-sectional design was used. Subjects with CADs were recruited from outpatient clinics of three academic medical centers. The cardiac knowledge, cardiac self-efficacy, and health behaviors were measured by Coronary Heart Disease Awareness and Knowledge Questionnaire, Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale, and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II respectively. The data collected were statistically analyzed by descriptive statistics, t test, Kruskal-Wallis test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis, and the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 157 subjects were recruited for this study. The mean age of subjects was 59.38 +/- 10.04 years, and three-fourths (75.2%) were male. Subjects showed relatively low cardiac knowledge, moderately high cardiac self-efficacy, and moderate level of health behaviors. The overall model significantly explained 48% of variance in health behaviors (F = 14.52, p < .001). Among predictors, age, education, smoking status, experience of receiving patient education, and cardiac self-efficacy significantly affected health behaviors, and cardiac self-efficacy had the greatest effect on health behaviors (beta = .39). However, cardiac knowledge had no statistically significant influence on health behaviors after controlling for the other factors. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that cardiac self-efficacy was shown to be the most influencing factor on health behaviors but cardiac knowledge had no influence on health behaviors. The nursing interventions tailored on the patient characteristics should be developed in order to improve the health behaviors of patients with CADs.
Academic Medical Centers ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Health Behavior ; Health Status ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Patient Education as Topic ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Maintaining body temperature is a key vital function of human beings, but little is known about how body temperature of high-risk infants is sustained during early life after birth. The aim of this study was to describe hypothermia in high-risk infants during their first week of life and examine demographic, environmental, and clinical attributors of hypothermia. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal study was done from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. Medical records of 570 high-risk infants hospitalized at Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) of a university affiliated hospital were examined. Body temperature and related factors were assessed for seven days after birth. RESULTS: A total of 336 events of hypothermia (212 mild and 124 moderate) occurred in 280 neonates (49.1%) and most events (84.5%) occurred within 24 hours after birth. Logistic regression analysis revealed that phototherapy (aOR=0.28, 95% CI=0.10-0.78), Apgar score at 5 minute (aOR=2.20, 95% CI=1.17-4.12), and intra-uterine growth retardation or small for gestational age (aOR=3.58, 95% CI=1.69-7.58) were statistically significant contributors to hypothermia. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that high-risk infants are at risk for hypothermia even when in the NICU. More advanced nursing interventions are necessary to prevent hypothermia of high-risk infants.
Apgar Score ; Body Temperature ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Logistic Models ; Longitudinal Studies ; Medical Records ; Nursing ; Parturition ; Phototherapy ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to demonstrate the temporal trends in perinatal outcomes of triplet pregnancies over the last two decades. METHODS: The medical records of patients with triplet pregnancies at two Korean tertiary-care hospitals from 1992 to 2012 were retrospectively reviewed in regard to maternal and neonatal outcomes. The study was divided into two periods for analysis: period I (1992–2001) and period II (2003–2012). RESULTS: Over a 21-year period, 65 women with triplet pregnancies and 185 neonates were analyzed. Period II, when compared with period I, was associated with improved maternal outcomes, characterized by a decreased incidence of preeclampsia (31.8% vs. 2.3%, P=0.002) and anemia (68.2% vs. 30.2%, P=0.003) during pregnancy. Regarding neonatal aspects, the composite morbidity of period II was significantly decreased compared with that of period I, as assessed with a generalized estimating equation for logistic regression (26.2% vs. 8.1%, P=0.03). Multivariable analysis revealed that the gestational age at delivery and the period were significantly associated with the composite neonatal morbidity (P<0.001 and 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION: Improved neonatal morbidity was associated with a higher gestational age at delivery and with the more recent decade.
Anemia ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Logistic Models ; Medical Records ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy, Triplet ; Premature Birth ; Retrospective Studies ; Triplets

Educational evaluation involves data collection and the analysis of various education-related factors to make decisions that improve educational quality. Systematic educational evaluation is essential for enhancing the quality of education. This study reports a case of student-conducted process evaluation of a medical school’s student support system and the procedure for devising improvement plans. Sixteen Inje University College of Medicine students participated in the Education Evaluation Committee (IUCM-EEC) to understand the educational improvement process as learners and actively achieve improvement. The Quality Improvement Committee of the Inje University College of Medicine (IUCM-QIC) decided to reform its student support system based on a previous educational evaluation in 2019. The evaluation of the student support system was conducted for 10 months in 2021 by the student subcommittee, under the guidance of the IUCM-EEC. The CIPP (context-input-process-product) evaluation model was used for a systematic evaluation. Accordingly, the subcommittee developed evaluation criteria and indicators, and analyzed relevant data collected from surveys and the previous literature. For further recommendations and revision ideas, the student subcommittee members interviewed faculty members from six other medical schools and also conducted a focus group interview with the dean and vice deans of IUCM. Finally, the student subcommittee submitted a report to the IUCM-QIC. Communication with various stakeholders is essential for a successful evaluation process. In this case, students, as key stakeholders in education, evaluated the student support system. Their active participation helped improve their understanding of the evaluation process.

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics and to conduct a comparative genomic analysis of Mycobacterium (M.) bovis strain 1595 isolated from a native Korean cow. Molecular typing showed that M. bovis 1595 has spoligotype SB0140 with mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats typing of 4-2-5-3-2-7-5-5-4-3-4-3-4-3, representing the most common type of M. bovis in Korea. The complete genome sequence of strain 1595 was determined by single-molecule real-time technology, which showed a genome of 4351712 bp in size with a 65.64% G + C content and 4358 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analysis with the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains revealed that all genomes are similar in size and G + C content. Phylogenetic analysis revealed all strains were within a 0.1% average nucleotide identity value, and MUMmer analysis illustrated that all genomes showed positive collinearity with strain 1595. A sequence comparison based on BLASTP analysis showed that M. bovis AF2122/97 was the strain with the greatest number of completely matched proteins to M. bovis 1595. This genome sequence analysis will serve as a valuable reference for improving understanding of the virulence and epidemiologic traits among M. bovis isolates in Korea.
Animals ; Cattle* ; Genome ; Genomics ; Korea ; Molecular Typing ; Mycobacterium bovis* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Mycobacterium* ; Sequence Analysis ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; Virulence

Objective: Underconnectivity in the resting brain is not consistent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is known that the functional connectivity of the default mode network is mainly decreased in childhood ASD. This study investigated the brain network topology as the changes in the connection strength and network efficiency in childhood ASD, including the early developmental stages. Methods: In this study, 31 ASD children aged 2–11 years were compared with 31 age and sex-matched children showing typical development. We explored the functional connectivity based on graph filtration by assessing the single linkage distance and global and nodal efficiencies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The relationship between functional connectivity and clinical scores was also analyzed. Results: Underconnectivities within the posterior default mode network subregions and between the inferior parietal lobule and inferior frontal/superior temporal regions were observed in the ASD group. These areas significantly correlated with the clinical phenotypes. The global, local, and nodal network efficiencies were lower in children with ASD than in those with typical development. In the preschool-age children (2–6 years) with ASD, the anterior-posterior connectivity of the default mode network and cerebellar connectivity were reduced. Conclusion The observed topological reorganization, underconnectivity, and disrupted efficiency in the default mode network subregions and social function-related regions could be significant biomarkers of childhood ASD.