Depression and pain are common and often early non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD). The relationship between pain and depression in PD has been unsettled, with conflicting findings. The PD patients followed up at the general neurology outpatient clinics were requested to complete Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and McGill pain questionnaire. The patients were categorized in three groups according to the Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stage of PD; mild (stage I&II), moderate (stage III) and advanced stage (stage IV&V), and group comparisons were performed in each group between those with and without pain. A total of 186 patients completed the questionnaires. Their mean age was 74±9.3 years, and the mean H-Y stage was 2.8±0.8.Sixty-nine percent of the patients reported pain symptoms of various natures. The BDI scores were significantly higher in the pain group (P< 0.0001) despite the absence of statistically significant differences in the mean age, H-Y stage, and duration of illness. Only PD patients of mild stage revealed significant difference of BDI scores between those with pain and without pain (P <0.001). Our results showed that pain is a common symptom in patients with PD and suggest that it may be related to depression in the early stage of the disease.

Depression and pain are common and often early non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD). The relationship between pain and depression in PD has been unsettled, with conflicting findings. The PD patients followed up at the general neurology outpatient clinics were requested to complete Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and McGill pain questionnaire. The patients were categorized in three groups according to the Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stage of PD; mild (stage I&II), moderate (stage III) and advanced stage (stage IV&V), and group comparisons were performed in each group between those with and without pain. A total of 186 patients completed the questionnaires. Their mean age was 74±9.3 years, and the mean H-Y stage was 2.8±0.8.Sixty-nine percent of the patients reported pain symptoms of various natures. The BDI scores were significantly higher in the pain group (P< 0.0001) despite the absence of statistically significant differences in the mean age, H-Y stage, and duration of illness. Only PD patients of mild stage revealed significant difference of BDI scores between those with pain and without pain (P <0.001). Our results showed that pain is a common symptom in patients with PD and suggest that it may be related to depression in the early stage of the disease.
Parkinson Disease

OBJECTIVES: Self-adhesive resin cements contain functional monomers that enable them to adhere to the tooth structure without a separate adhesive or etchant. One of the most stable functional monomers used for chemical bonding to calcium in hydroxyapatite is 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the10-MDP concentration on the bond strength and physical properties of self-adhesive resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used experimental resin cements containing 3 different concentrations of 10-MDP: 3.3 wt% (RC1), 6.6 wt% (RC2), or 9.9 wt% (RC3). The micro-tensile bond strength of each resin cement to dentin and a hybrid resin block (Estenia C&B, Kuraray Noritake Dental) was measured, and the fractured surface morphology was analyzed. Further, the flexural strength of the resin cements was measured using the three-point bending test. The water sorption and solubility of the cements following 30 days of immersion in water were measured. RESULTS: The bond strength of RC2 was significantly higher than that of RC1. There was no significant difference between the bond strength of RC2 and that of RC3. The water sorption of RC3 was higher than that of any other cement. There were no significant differences in the three-point bending strength or water solubility among all three types of cements. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it is suggested that 6.6 wt% 10-MDP showed superior properties than 3.3 wt% or 9.9 wt% 10-MDP in self-adhesive resin cement.
Adhesives ; Calcium ; Dentin ; Durapatite ; Immersion ; Resin Cements ; Solubility ; Tooth ; Water

Drug dispensing is a statutory and designated duty of a pharmacist. We aimed to examine the changes in the nature of drug dispensing using a text mining method. Our corpus consisted of text documents from “Chozai Shishin”, the most standard manual for dispensing drugs in Japan, Editions 1 to 13 (Japan Pharmaceutical Association), and we used the KH Coder software for text mining. We constructed networks showing the association between frequent word co-occurrence and edition number, and co-occurrence relations for frequent words in each edition. We found that “patient” superseded “dispensing” as a frequent term over time. “Dispensing” was another frequent term with a highly centralized node in each edition. Accordingly, we targeted the term “dispensing” for network analysis to depict its co-occurrence relations. We found that the range of related words for “dispensing” broadened from “preparation” and “compounding” to include “patient adherence instructions”, “assessment”, “medical treatment”, and “information provision”. Accordingly, we concluded that the content of “dispensing”, which is a pharmacist’s duty, has expanded from the duties of “dispensing drugs” to include “responding to patients” within the definition of “dispensing”, and we were able to present this finding as objective data by using the mechanical method known as text mining.

Drug dispensing is a statutory and designated duty of a pharmacist. We aimed to examine the changes in the nature of drug dispensing using a text mining method. Our corpus consisted of text documents from “Chozai Shishin”, the most standard manual for dispensing drugs in Japan, Editions 1 to 13 (Japan Pharmaceutical Association), and we used the KH Coder software for text mining. We constructed networks showing the association between frequent word co-occurrence and edition number, and co-occurrence relations for frequent words in each edition. We found that “patient” superseded “dispensing” as a frequent term over time. “Dispensing” was another frequent term with a highly centralized node in each edition. Accordingly, we targeted the term “dispensing” for network analysis to depict its co-occurrence relations. We found that the range of related words for “dispensing” broadened from “preparation” and “compounding” to include “patient adherence instructions”, “assessment”, “medical treatment”, and “information provision”. Accordingly, we concluded that the content of “dispensing”, which is a pharmacist’s duty, has expanded from the duties of “dispensing drugs” to include “responding to patients” within the definition of “dispensing”, and we were able to present this finding as objective data by using the mechanical method known as text mining.