OBJECTIVE:To explore the protective effect and its mechanisms of Sinomenium acutum polysaccharide on mice with acute alcoholic liver injury. METHODS:60 mice were randomly divided into blank control group (normal saline),model group (normal saline),bifendate group (positive control,150 mg/kg) and S. acutum polysaccharide low-dose,medium-dose, high-dose groups(100,200,400 mg/kg),10 in each group,intragastrically administrated,once a day,for continual 7 d. 1 h af-ter last administration,mice received 50% ethanol (0.1 mL/10 g) intragastrically to induce acute alcoholic liver injury model ex-cept for those in blank control group. After 12 h,alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels in se-rum,malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)levels in liv-er tissue of mice were determined;hematoxylin-eosin staining was conducted to observe the pathological changes in liver tissue;flow cytometry was used to detect the cell apoptosis rate. RESULTS:Compared with blank control group,mice in model group showed pathological changes in edema,disordered cell arrangement and local necrosis;ALT and AST levels in serum,MDA level in liver tissue and hepatocyte apoptotic rate were significantly increased,while the SOD,GSH and GSH-Px levels in liver tissue were significantly decreased,with statistical significances (P<0.01). Compared with model group,cell degeneration and necrosis degree of mice were improved in S. acutum polysaccharide medium-dose and high-dose groups;except for cell apoptosis rate of liver in S. acutum polysaccharide low-dose group was not decreased significantly,the above-mentioned indicators in other treatment groups were significantly improved(P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:S. acutum polysaccharide shows obvious protective effect on mice with acute alcoholic liver injury,its mechanism might re-late to anti-oxidation stress and inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis.

Objective To study the median nutrient content of customers' ordering in the restaurants in Beijing.Methods The median contents of nutrients regarding ordering/per person from the customers were estimated,via combining the nutrient content of menu offering.Data,based on all weights of ingredients and Chinese food composition with all the ordered records from customers,was collected within a set period of time,from 2011 to 2013.Nutrition status was then estimated,under the Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF).Results The median energy intake reached 4 973.9 (P25-P75:3 575.6-6 971.0) kJ and 88.2％ of the tables were exceeding the recommended energy limits,respectively,with 3 347.2 kJ for lunch and 2 510.4 kJ for dinner.Data was gathered from three restaurants in Beijing.In all the three restaurants,the median nutrient contents appeared 70％ outnumbered the daily value of fat and cholesterol.The median sodium contents (87.9％) were also over the standard set for sodium adequate intake.In addition,the median nutrition on fibers,calcium,vitamin A,vitamin C and vitamin E were far below the recommended nutritional intakes (RNI),in the ordering.For NRF9.3,the Wenzhou restaurant showed the highest score (5.50) but the restaurant in Yunnan appeared the lowest (2.26),with difference statistically significant (P＜0.001).Conclusion Eating-out habit ended in taking low nutrition with higher limited nutrients,but with low recommended nutrients,when compared to the recommended Chinese Dietary Reference Intake.

Objective:To observe the protective effect of deproteinized extract of calf blood (DECB)on the ethanol-induced liver injury of the mice,and to preliminaryly discuss its mechanism. Methods:Sixty healthy ICR mice were divided into control group,model group,positive drug group,low,medium and high doses of DECB groups (n=10).By intragastric administration,the mice in control group were given 20 mL·kg-1 saline solution, the mice in low,medium and high doses of DECB groups were administrated with 0.125,0.250,0.500 g·kg -1 DECB,and the mice in positive drug group were administrated with 0.63 g·kg -1 Hugan Tablets;once a day for 30 d. 1 h after the last administration,except control group,the mice in other groups were administrated with one-time grant of 50% ethanol 14 mL·kg -1 ,and fasted for 16 h to establish the models of acute alcohol liver injury.The endurance alcohol time and drunk time of the mice were determined,the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT)and alanine transaminase (AST)activity in serum of the mice were detected,the levels of triglyceride (TG),glutathione (GSH)and malonic dialdehyde (MDA)in liver tissue were determined,and the pathological changes of liver tissue were detected.Results:Compared with model group,the drunk symptoms of the mice in different doses of DECB groups were obviously reduced,the endurance time of the mice in high dose of DECB group and positive drug group was prolonged (P <0.05),and the drinking time was shortened (P <0.05);the ALT and AST activities in serum in mediun and high doses of DECB groups were significantly lower than those in model group (P <0.05).Compared with model group,the MDA and TG levels in liver tissue of the mice in medium and high doses of DECB groups and positive drug group were obviously reduced,and the GSH levels were increased (P <0.05);compared with model group,the pathological damages of liver tissue of the mice in high dose of DECB group caused by ethanol were significantly reduced.Conclusion:DECB can improve ethanol-induced liver injury which may be related to the inhibition of hepatic oxidative stress response.

Objective To explore the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on hepatic autophagy in obese diabetic rats.Methods Sprague-Dawley diabetes rats were randomly divided into three groups:diabetic group(n =8),diabetic sham RYGB group (n =8) and diabetic RYGB group (n =8).Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with tracer infusion were completed to assess insulin sensitivity (IS).Triglyceride (TG) levels in liver tissue were tested.The protein expression levels of P62 (sequestosome 1)and the conversion of LC3 (microtubule-associatedprotein 1 light chain 3) in liver were detected by Western blot.The concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in plasma was detected by ELISA and the correlation between GLP-1 and autophagy was analyzed in 2 weeks after operation.Results In comparison with diabetic and diabetic sham RYGB groups,IS increased by 63％ (F =10.87,P ＜ 0.01) and TG content decreased by 91％ (F =146.3,P ＜ 0.01) in the liver in RYGB group.In RYGB group,the conversion of LC3-Ⅰ to LC3-Ⅱ raised(F =17.01,P ＜ 0.01),the protein expression of P62 decreased(F =19.77,P ＜0.01) and the concentration of GLP-1 in plasma increased by 90％ (F =112.8,P ＜ 0.01).The marked increase of autophagy in liver after RYGB correlated with the plasma GLP-1 level (r2 =0.66,P =0.014 3)Conclusions RYGB reduces hepatic lipid toxicity and improves lipid metabolism disorder by increasing autophagy,increased GLP-1 secretion after RYGB may be one of the reasons for activating autophagy.

Objective To investigate the effects of RYGB on hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes rats and the mechanisms.Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups:diabetic RYGB group (n =10) and diabetic sham RYGB group (n =10).The hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic clamp with tracer infusion was completed at 2 weeks postoperatively to assess insulin sensitivity.The lipid content in liver tissue was examined.Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the liver were measured.The protein expressions of PERK and p-PERK in livers were also detected by Western blot.Results RYGB significantly improved hepatic insulin sensitivity index and decreased hepatic triglyceride concentration (P ＜ 0.05),without an improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity.The ratio of MDA to SOD and the protein expression of p-PERK in the livers were lower in the RYGB group than in the sham RYGB group.Conclusions The increased insulin sensitivity after RYGB occurs earlier in the liver than in the muscle tissue.The amelioration of hepatic tissue lipotoxicity after RYGB decreased the degrees of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress,which may contribute to the improved hepatic insulin sensitivity.

OBJECTIVE Epileptic networks are char-acterized as two states,seizures or more prolonged inter-ictal periods.However,cellular mechanisms underlying the contribution of interictal periods to ictal events remain unclear.METHODS Here,we present the procedure for labeling seizure-activated and interictal-activated neuro-nal ensembles in mouse hippocampal kindling model using an enhanced-synaptic-activity-responsive element.This technique is combined with genetically encoded effectors to characterize and manipulate neuronal ensembles recruited by focal seizures(FS-Ens)and interictal periods(IP-Ens)in piriform cortex,a region that plays a key role in seizure generation.RESULTS Ca2+ activities and histo-logical evidence reveal a disjointed correlation between the two ensembles during FS dynamics.Optogenetic acti-vation of FS-Ens promotes further seizure development,while IP-Ens protects against it.Interestingly,both ensem-bles are functionally involved in generalized seizures(GS)due to circuit rearrangement.IP-Ens bidirectionally modulates FS but not GS by controlling coherence with hippocampus.CONCLUSION This study indicates that the interictal state may represent a seizure-preventing environment,and the interictal-activated ensemble may serve as a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone is the main type, and its formation is closely related to the metabolism of oxalic acid and calcium. Gut Microbiome is normal microflora which settled in the human intestinal tract and plays an important role in regulating a variety of metabolism in the body. In the past, Oxalobacter formigenes in gut was a protective factor for the formation of CaOx stones. Recently, it has been found that the bacteria regulating oxalate metabolism were not limited to Oxalobacter formigenes. Gut Microbiome of CaOx stones formers is different from healthy people. It regulates the metabolism of oxalic acid in the body through the gut-kidney axis and affect the formation of CaOx stone. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with CaOx stones, and to summarize its potential function in the formation of CaOx stones and its possible clinical application in the future.

Objective To survey the mean sodium content of menu offering and customers' orderings on sodium when eating out.Methods All weights of ingredients of menu offerings at three Chinese restaurants with Wenzhou,Shandong,and Yunnan cuisines,in Beijing,were collected and their sodium values were estimated based on data from the Chinese Food Composition.All records from customers' orders were collected in a certain period of time from year 2011 to 2013.The mean sodium content of ordering per person and the proportion of all orders exceeding the recommended daily sodium limit that applicable to most native Chinese,were estimated.Results Of all the menu offerings,hot dishes (1 728.6 mg; P25,P75:1 198.7,2 482.8) and soup dishes (2 101.5 mg;P25,P75:1 467.8,2 291.2) had the highest sodium contents,followed by cold dressed dishes (790.7 mg; P25,P75:128.1,1 472.9) staple foods (802.9 mg; P25,P75:115.1,1 563.2) while the beverages having the lowest sodium contents (17.0 mg;P25,P75:2.0,19.5) (P＜0.05).Meat dishes (1 796.3 mg;P25,P75:1 303.9,2 670.3) contained more sodium than vegetable dishes (1 105.5 mg; P25,P75:423.6,1 628.6)(P＜0.001).The median sodium contents in per person orderings were 2 325.6 mg (P25,P75:1 700.7,3 213.8) for lunch and 2 542.5 mg (P25,P75:1 857.5,3 498.1) for dinner.Current dietary guideline recommended for Chinese adults was:in general,the amount of consumption should not exceed 2 400 mg of sodium per day.Based on the recornmended optimal daily calories intake ratio as 3 ∶ 4 ∶ 3for breakfast,lunch,and dinner,we would suggest that the sodium intake should follow the amount as 960 mg for lunch and 720 mg for dinner.Our data indicated that 97.5％ of the ordered meals appeared that they were over the recommended sodium limit and 76,5％ of the tables showed two times more than the limit of recommendation.Conclusion Soup and hot dishes provided at these three restaurants contained more sodium contents.People ordered dishes at restaurants would contain more sodium than the recommended Chinese daily sodium intake.

Objective:To assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of 12-item immediate mood scale(IMS-12) in patients with depression.Methods:From January to June 2018, a total of 459 patients with depression recruited from an outpatient clinic by convenient sampling approach.All the subjects were assessed by the Chinese version of the IMS-12, and 43 of them were assessed again at the end of the first week.The 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS-SR16), and the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7(GAD-7) were used as validity indicator.The factor structure of the scale was evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.The internal consistency of the Chinese version of the IMS-12 scale was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate test-retest reliability.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate calibration validity.The softwares of SAS 9.4 and Mplus 8.5 were used for statistical analysis.Results:The exploratory factor analysis indicated that the fitting result of the two-factor model was good(including depression and anxiety factors). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor model fit well and met the reference standard ( χ2/ df=2.82, CFI=0.936, TLI=0.920, RMSEA=0.088). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the Chinese version of the IMS-12 was 0.95, and the ICC for test-retest reliability was 0.85.The correlation coefficients of the total IMS-12 score with the QIDS-SR16 score and with the GAD-7 score were 0.69 and 0.70, respectively. Conclusion:The Chinese version of the IMS-12 has good reliability and validity and is suitable for the clinical assessment of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with depression.

OBJECTIVE：To observe the clinical effect and safety of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide （rhBNP） combined with levosimendan in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure （ADHF）complicated with renal insufficiency. METHODS：A total of 156 patients with ADHF complicated with renal insufficiency admitted to the Dept. of Cardiology in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University during Jan.-Dec. 2019 were randomly divided into rhBNP group ，levosimendan group and combination group ，with 52 patients in each group. All patients received rountine treatment. On this basis ，rhBNP group was given rhBNP for injection [after 1.5 μg/kg intravenous pulse injection，intravenous dripping for 24 h with 0.007 5 μg（/ kg· min）]；leosimendan group was given Leosimendan injection 12.5 mg [intravenous dripping for 1 h with 6-12 μg（/ kg·min），then intravenous dripping for 23 h with 0.1 μg（/ kg·min）]. Combination group received drug combination according to the administration method of single drug group. Three groups received treatment for consecutive 7 d. Cardiac function indexes [heart rate （HR），left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF），left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVEDD）]，mean arterial pressure （MAP），pulmonary capillary pressure （PCWP），renal function indexes [estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR），serum creatinine （Scr）]，serum levels of cystatin C （Cys-c）and amino-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor （NT-proBNP）were observed in 3 groups before and after treatment. Clinical efficacy and the occurrence of ADR were recorded. RESULTS ：Three cases withdrew from the study in rhBNP group and 1 case in levosimendan group ；152 cases completed the study. Before treatment ，there was no statistical significance in cardiac function indexes ，MAP，PCMP，renal function indexes or serum levels of Cys-C and NT-proBNP among 3 groups（P＞0.05）. After treatment ，the HP ，MAP，PCWP and serum level of NT-proBNP in 3 group as well as serum level of Cys-C in combination group were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）；the LVEF in 3 group as well as the eGFR and Scr level in levosimendan group and combination group were significantly increased （P＜0.05），compared with before treatment ；above indexes of combination group were significantly better than those of rhBNP group and levosimendan group （P＜0.05）. Total effective rate of combination group was 94.23％ ，which was significantly higher than those of rhBNP group （77.55％）and levosimendan group （76.47％）（P＜0.05）. There was no significant difference in the incidence of ADR among 3 groups（P＞ 0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：rhBNP combined with levosimendan in the treatment of ADHF complicated with renal insufficiency can significantly increase the clinical efficacy ，and improve cardiac and renal function but don ’t increase the incidence of ADR.