The mild cognitive impairment and vascular cognitive impairment no dementia are the early stages for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia proposed in recent years.They both not only have some differences,but also have many crosses and contacts in concepts,diagnostic criteria,epidemiology,pathology,neuropsychology,and biological markers,etc.This article reviews the recent progresses and problems facing in recent years.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and clinical significance of emergency bedside ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization performed by emergency department doctors.Methods The clinical data of 216 patients, who underwent central venous catheterization in the Department of Emergency of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2009 to June 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients received femoral vein puncture or internal jugular vein catheterization. The patients were divided into three groups according to the method of catheterization: 72 patients received emergency ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization by emergency doctors independently were assigned as A group, 72 patients underwent catheterization by emergency doctors after being demarcated by ultrasound doctors served as B group, and 72 patients who underwent catheterization method guided by traditional landmark served as C group. Success rate, time spent for catheterization, number of attempts for intubation, and incidence of complications were compared among three groups.Results As compared with that of groups B and C, a higher success rate [98.61% (71/72) vs. 83.33% (60/72), 73.61% (53/72), bothP< 0.01] was found in group A, also with a shorter successful time for insertion of the catheter (minutes: 5.5±2.5 vs. 9.6±3.7, 16.6±7.2, bothP< 0.05), less frequency of the catheter insertion (times: 1.0±0.0 vs. 1.8±0.7, 2.7±2.6, bothP<0.05), and lower incidence of changing puncture site due to insert failure [1.4% (1/72) vs. 8.3% (6/72), 20.8% (15/72), bothP< 0.05], lower incidence of mechanical and infective complication [15.3% (11/72) vs. 41.7% (30/72), 59.7%(43/72), bothP< 0.05], and also lower catheterization related infection risk [13.9% (10/72) vs. 15.3% (11/72), 12.5%(9/72), bothP> 0.05].Conclusion Emergency bedside ultrasound-guided catheterization resulted in higher success rate and less related complication, therefore it can be recommended for widely application in emergency department treatment.

Objective:This paper aims to analyze the monitoring model of Canadian drug price monitoring mod-el based on the international reference price, and make reference for China. Methods: Through policy analysis and literature research, the system combs the specific Canadian practices of using the international reference prices for the drug price monitoring. Results:For the introduction of new drug prices, Canada uses the international median price comparison test, the highest international price comparison test, the treatment category comparison test and the inter-national treatment category comparison test. For the listed drugs, Canada calculates the international price ratio, and then carries out bilateral comparisons and multilateral comparisons to monitor the prices of drugs already on the mar-ket. At present, Canada has achieved effective monitoring of drug prices, that is to say, the introduction of new drug prices complies with the《Excessive Price Guide》;the patented drugs prices are lower than the designed international price;the price difference between the generic drug and the international level has gradually reduced. Conclusions:The Canadian experience is worth learning, and China should add legislative about drug price monitoring, learn from this experience to identify and monitor the varieties and establish the price monitoring and early warning mechanism with the international reference price as the warning indicator.

To investigate the application of seminar teaching on postgraduate education of ophthalmology,postgraduate from Grade 2008 to Grade 2010 were divided into experiment groups and control groups.Seminar teaching and conventional teaching were applied to two groups respectively.The performances of seminar teaching groups at each grade were better than the control groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Thus,seminar teaching can enhance theory and operation ability of postgraduate.

Objective To assess the therapeutic effects of activated charcoal on the acute dichlorvos poisoning in rats. Method Thirty male clean grade Wistar rats were randomly (random number) divided into three groups: control group (group A, n = 10), single dose activated charcoal group (group B, n = 10) and multi-dose activated charcoal (group C, n=10). The rats of group A were suffered from 35 mg/kg dichlorvos exposure by oral without activated charcoal and senna. The rats of group B received 35 mg/kg dichlorvos exposure by oral with 175 mg/kg activated charcoal given immediately after dichlorvos exposure and 35 mg/kg senna given half an hour later. In the group C, 35 mg/kg dichlorvos was given to rats by oral with 175 mg/kg activated charcoal given immediately after dichlorvos exposure and 35 mg/kg senna given half an hour later and then every four hours. Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery at different intervals after exposure. DDVP concentration and total blood acetyl-cholinesterase activity were detected. Differences in serum DDVP concentration, Cmax, AUC (0→∞ ), MRT and acetylcholinesterase among three groups were calculated by using ANOVA. Results Serum DDVP levels in single dose group and in multi-dose group were significantly different from those in control group (P < 0.05). The DDVP levels in multi-dose group were significantly different from those in single dose group 4 hours after exposure (P < 0.05). The AUC and Cmax in activated charcoal treatment groups were significantly different from those in control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in MRT among three groups. Fours hours after exposure to dichlorvos,the levels of serum acetylcholinesterase in rats of group B and group C were significantly different from that in rats of group A (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in acetylcholinesteras between group B and group C (P > 0.05). Another four hours later, no differences in acetylcholinesterase were found a-mong three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions The peak concentrations of dichlorvos in blood are lower in group B and group C, and the blood acetylcholinesterase inhibition is quelled by activated charcoal. Therefore, the effects of multi - dose of activated charcoal is better than that of single dose of activated charcoal.

Objective To analyze the therapeutic effect ofShengji-Yuhong ointment in the treatment of patients with pressure ulcer.Methods 86 patients of pressure ulcer were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group, with 43 cases in each. After debridement, the wound was covered with vaseline gauze in the control group, whileShengji-Yuhong ointment in the treatment group. 10 days constituted 1 course of treatment, and both groups were treated for 3 courses. The blood supply of the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index detection; white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C reactive protein (CRP) were observed in order to observe the control condition of the patients with wound infection.Results The total effective rate was 95.3% (41/43) and 74.4% (32/43) in the observation group and control group respectively, with significant difference between two groups (χ2=5.800,P=0.016). After treatment, the whole blood viscosity (high-shea) (4.06 ± 1.38 mPa?svs. 4.74 ± 1.62 mPa?s,t=2.095), the whole blood viscosity (medium-shea) (3.71 ± 1.22 mPa?svs. 4.34 ± 1.41 mPa?s,t =2.216), blood reduction viscosity (1.13 ± 0.22 mPa?svs.1.44 ± 0.51 mPa?s,t=3.660), the whole blood viscosity (medium-shea) (4.16 ± 0.48 mPa?svs. 4.51 ± 0.89 mPa?s,t=2.270) obviously compared with group before treatment decreased (P<0.05). The patients in the observation group in the whole blood viscosity (medium-shea) (3.71 ± 1.22 mPa?svs. 4.16 ± 0.48 mPa?s,t=2.251), and blood reduction viscosity (1.13 ± 0.22 mPa?svs. 1.32 + 0.31 mPa?s,t=3.278) in the observation group were  obvious better than the control group (P<0.05). After the treatment the WBC, CRP, ESR in the observation group were decreased significantly than the control group (t=5.947, 7.198, 12.064,P<0.01).ConclusionShengji-Yuhong ointment can effectively control the PU infection in the wound, improve wound tissue under the blood circulation, and promote wound healing.

Group A streptococcus ( GAS) is the most common pathogens of human streptococcal infec-tion. It is considered that GAS infection is one of the important factors leading to Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura (HSP). It can promote the occurrence of Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura nephritis(HSPN),and aggravate HSPN. Hemolysin,protease and superantigen involved in the pathogenesis of GAS. Research progress of the relationship between streptococcal infection and HSP and HSPN are summarized as follows.

Objective To investigate the protective role of human serum albumin in treatment of monocyte-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle)-associated neuroinflammation in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rats and its underlying mechanisms.Methods Vascular perforation model was used to induce SAH.Ninety-two male SD rats were randomly assigned to sham (n =23),vehicle (n =23),low-dose albumin (0.63 g/kg,n =23) and high-dose albumin (1.25 g/kg,n =23) groups.Saline and albumin were intravenously injected into rats two hours after surgery.Modified Garcia scale was employed to assess neurological functions.Iba-1 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining was used to examine the activation of microglial cells and infiltration of neutrophils.Real-time PCR was applied to determine the changes of IL-1β,inducible nitric oxide synthase,CD11b,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 and CXC motif chemokine ligand-2 mRNA levels.Co-immunoprecipitation was conducted to assess the binding ability of albumin with Mincle.Immunoblotting was carried out to evaluate protein levels of Minlce,Syk and p-Syk.SAH severity measurement was performed before conductions of all the experiments.Results SAH severity scores were 11.4 ± 1.6,12.8 ±2.5 and 11.2 ±3.2 in the vehicle,low-dose albumin and high-dose albumin groups,respectively,without statistically significant difference among groups (F =0.694,P =0.516).Neurological score was 7.5 ± 2.9 in the vehicle group,while the low-dose albumin (14.6 ± 2.2) and high-dose albumin groups (13.6 ± 2.7) exhibited better neurological perfomance (P ＜ 0.01).Immunostaining showed that albumin significantly inhibited the activation of microglia,and reduced the percentage of MPO positive cells from 20.7％ ± 1.9％ in the vehicle group to 12.1％ ±2.1％ in the low-dose albumin group and 9.8％ ±0.9％ in the high-dose albunin group (F =32.216,P =0.001).mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors were also suppressed by albumin (P ＜ 0.05).The results of co-immunoprecipitation displayed that albumin could directly bind Mincle and disrupt the association between Mincle and SAP130.Immunoblotting demonstrated that albumin depressed the protein levels of Mincle,Syk and p-Syk.Conclusion Human serum albumin can inhibit Mincle/Syk-induced neuroinflammation via directly binding Mincle receptor in SAH rats.

Objective To investigate the related factors of early adverse outcomes in young patients with ischemic stroke.Methods From January 2006 to June 2016,685 young patients (18-45 years old) with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Department of Neurology,Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command were enrolled retrospectively.They were diagnosed as the first onset with head CT or MRI.According to the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 d,the patients were divided into a favorable outcome (mRS 0-2) group (n=554) and a poor outcome (mRS 3-6) group (n=131).The collection of clinical data were completed on the day of admission,including the risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (oral contraceptives,etc),the National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score on admission,the mean systolic blood pressure (>140 mmHg was analyzed) and laboratory examination.The stroke subtypes were classified with the trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification criteria.Univariate analysis was used to analyze the difference of clinical data between groups,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for early poor outcomes.Results Compared with the favorable outcome group,the patients with the ratio of mean systolic pressure >140 mmHg in the first 3 d after hospitalization (37.4% [49/131] vs.21.7% [120/554],χ2=14.131),NIHSS score on admission (10.0 [7.0,14.0] vs.1.5 [0,3.0],Z=-15.300),white blood cell count (7.5 [6.0,9.0] ×109/L vs.6.8 [5.7,8.2] ×109/L,Z=-3.157),fasting glucose (4.9 [4.6,6.0] mmol/L vs.4.8 [4.4,5.3] mmol/L,Z=-2.726),higher fibrinogen level (2.8 [2.3,3.4] g/L vs.2.6 [2.3,3.2] g/L,Z=-2.018,blood uric acid level (291[220,346] mmol/L vs.315 [261,374] mmol/L,Z=-3.443),and plasma albumin level (43.1[40.0,45.9] g/L vs.44.8 [42.4,47.4] g/L,Z=-4.708) were decreased in the poor outcome group.There were significant differences between the two groups (all P<0.05).TOAST classification comparison:the proportion of the patients with cardioembolism in the poor outcome group was higher than that in the favorable outcome group.There was significant difference between the two groups (6.9% [9/131] vs.2.5% [14/554];χ2=4.893,P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the remaining clinical data between the two groups (all P>0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher NIHSS score on admission (OR,1.474,95%CI 1.378-1.576,P<0.01),the mean systolic pressure >140 mmHg at the first 3 d after admission (OR,2.134,95%CI 1.210-3.764,P=0.009) and the cardioembolism(OR,4.902,95%CI 1.073-22.222,P=0.040) were the risk factors for early poor outcome,and the elevated plasma albumin level (OR,0.902,95%CI 0.850-0.956,P=0.001) was a protective factor of early favorable outcome.Conclusion The higher NIHSS score at admission,the cardioembolism and the increased mean systolic blood pressure in the first 3 d after admission may result in early poor outcome in young patients with ischemic stroke,while the elevated plasma albumin level is beneficial to the early outcome.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanisms of synergistic effects of BFA and CDDP on human lung cancer GLC-82 cells, and to test the levels of PERK-ATF4 pathway. Methods GLC-82 cells were incubated with 50 ng/mL of BFA or/and 2 μg/mL of CDDP for 24 or 48 hours. The levels of PERK, p-PERK and ATF4 in GLC-82 were analyzed by real-time PCRand/or Western Blot. Results The levels of PERK were lowest in CDDP group, but higher in BFA group (P < 0.05), the highest in group of BFA+CDDP (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The p-PERK level decreased in group of BFA+CDDP (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There was no significant change of ATF4 expression in CDDP group, but ATF4 expression increased slightly in BFA group, and increased further in group of BFA+CDDP (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01)which was also higher than that in BFA group or CDDP group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusions The upregulated levels of PERK and ATF4 by the combination of BFA and CDDP may be one of the mechanisms of synergistic anti-cancer effect of BFA and CDDP on GLC-82 cells.