Objective To study the applicability of ultrafiltration of tween-80 and it solubilizing schizonepeta volatile oil and paeonol of ultrafiltration. Method Taking components content as index, temperature, pressure, concentration and membrane pore size were selected as factors for orthogonal design method. The concentration was determinated in medical solution before and after ultrafiltration, and the transmittance rate (TS) was calculated to observe the content variation of tween-80 and it solubilizing solution. Results The four factors had markedly effect on TS of tween-80, concentration was statistically significant (P

Objective To establish the HepG2 cell lines which can stably express and replicate hepatitis 13 virus (HBV).Methods One point two X unit length of HBV genome was cloned intn SalⅠsite of the eukaryotic expression vector pREP10 to construct the recombinant plasmid pREP-HBV. Human hepatoblastoma cell HepG2 was transfected with pREP-HBV by Lipofectamine 2000 and seh,cted by bygromycin at the concentration of 250?g/mL.HBsAg and HBeAg were monitored by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)kits.H13V particles presemed in supernatant were ex- amincd by electronic microscopy.DNA isolated from intracellular HBV core particles was analyzed by Southbern blot using HBV-specific probe.Results The recombinant vector pREP HBV containing 1.2?unit length of HBV DNA was constructed successfully.After transfection of pREP-HBV to HepG2 cells and consistently cultured in hygromycin selective medium.5 drug-resistant cell lines, RHBV1-RHBV5.were established,and all of them could stably express HBsAgand HBeAg.South ern blot analysis revealed that HBV could replicate in all cell lines,as confirmed by the presence of replicateintermediatc DNA in intracellular HBV core particles.Clustered 42 nm Dane particles as well as 22-26 nm spherical H13sAg particles in condensed cuhure supernatant were visualized by elec tronic microsopic analysis.Conclusion HepG2 ceil lines in which HBV can replicate and express specific antigens are successfully established.Up to now,the cells have been passaged every three days for 50 times.

Objective To explore the normal range of the volume of frontal lobe in Chinese adults of the Han nationality and provide morphological data for the construction of database for Chinese Standard Brain. Methods This is a clinical multi-center study. Two hundred Chinese healthy volunteers (age range= 18 to 70) recruited from 16 hospitals were divided into 5 groups, i. e. , age range from 18 to 30, age range from 31 to 40, age range from 41 to 50, age range from 51 to 60, and age range from 61 to 70. Each group contained 20 males and 20 females. All of the volunteers were scanned by MR using T1 weighted threedimensional magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo sequence. We used the manual method to trace the region of interest and measured the left and right frontal lobe volumes separately. All the data were analyzed with SPSS (version 13.0). The sex differences in the frontal lobe volumes were analyzed by independent-samples t test, and the side differences were analyzed by paired-samples t test. Correlation and regression analysis was used between the age and the frontal lobe volumes. Results In 200 healthy Chinese Han volunteers, the total frontal lobe volumes was (563 ± 73) cm3. For male, the volumes of the left and the right frontal lobe were (288±42) cm3 and (292 ±41 ) cm3 ,respectively. The volumes of the left and right frontal lobe in 100 women were (273 ±30) cm3 and (274 ± 30) cm3 respectively. The differences of sex (t = 3. 334, P < 0. 05 ) and side ( t = - 3.09, P < 0. 05 ) in the total frontal lobe volumes reach significant. There was no significant differences in women ( t = - 1. 304, P > 0. 05 ). There were negative correlations between the frontal lobe volumes and age in men and women ( r = - 0. 586, - 0. 498, P <0. 01 ). Conclusions The total frontal lobe volume of men was larger than that of women. The volume of the right frontal lobe was larger than the left frontal lobe in men, and the asymmetries didn't exist in women.The total frontal lobe volumes were both shrinking with age in men and women, which was more rapid in men than in women.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ; pharmacology ; Breast Neoplasms ; enzymology ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Doxorubicin ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; Female ; Glucosyltransferases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Humans ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo investigate the oral health status of freshmen of university students and to guide their oral hygiene behaviors.

METHODS6,575 freshmen of Peking University students were investigated in this study according to the criterion issued by World Health Organization (WHO) on the basic methods of oral health investigation and China oral health epidemiology survey protocol. The inspection item included caries, gingivitis, malocclusions and impacted teeth.

RESULTSIn 6,575 freshmen of university students, the prevalence rate of caries, gingivitis, malocclusions and impacted teeth were 35.47%, 60.87%, 19.70% and 24.62%, respectively. There were statistical significance between the prevalence rate of caries, gingivitis, malocclusions and impacted teeth of male and female (chi2=131.94, P<0.001: chi2=216.85, P<0.001; chi2=14.54, P<0.01; chi2=23.56, P<0.001). There were statistical significance between the prevalence rate of caries, gingivitis and impacted teeth of postgraduate and undergraduate (chi2=4.62, P<0.05: chi2=129.56, P<0.001; chi2=178.05, P<0.001), while there was no statistical significance between the prevalence rate of malocclusions of postgraduate and undergraduate (chi2=0.61, P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe oral health status of freshmen of university students are not ideal. It is necessary to strengthen the propaganda education of prevention and protect to freshmen of university students.

China ; Dental Caries ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Oral Health ; Oral Hygiene ; Prevalence ; Students ; Universities

OBJECTIVETo observe the three-dimensional distribution of vessels, and to establish a new method for measurement of blood flow velocity in mice cerebral cortex using two-photon laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence probe labeling technique.

METHODSThe mouse was made cranial window surgery and injected Texas-Red through tail vein after anesthetized. The three-dimensional imaging of vessel was obtained through z-stack scanning, and blood flow velocity was quantified through line scanning.

RESULTSWe could detect vascular distribution for more than 500 µm depth using two-photon microscopy. The velocity of blood flow was (0.59 ± 0.12) mm/s in capillary.

CONCLUSIONThe method for observing the brain blood flow by two-photon microscopy was established, which could achieve quantification of single vascular blood flow velocity and provide experimental evidence for basic research and medical applications.

Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Brain ; blood supply ; Capillaries ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Hemodynamics ; Mice ; Microscopy, Fluorescence

BACKGROUND: The quality of chest compressions can be significantly improved after training of rescuers according to the latest national guidelines of China. However, rescuers may be unable to maintain adequate compression or ventilation throughout a response of average emergency medical services because of increased rescuer fatigue. In the present study, we evaluated the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in training of military medical university students during a prolonged basic life support (BLS). METHODS: A 3-hour BLS training was given to 120 military medical university students. Six months after the training, 115 students performed single rescuer BLS on a manikin for 8 minutes. The qualities of chest compressions as well as ventilations were assessed. RESULTS: The average compression depth and rate were 53.7±5.3 mm and 135.1±15.7 compressions per minute respectively. The proportion of chest compressions with appropriate depth was 71.7％±28.4％. The average ventilation volume was 847.2±260.4 mL and the proportion of students with adequate ventilation was 63.5％. Compared with male students, significantly lower compression depth (46.7±4.8 vs. 54.6±4.8 mm,P<0.001) and adequate compression rate (35.5％±26.5％ vs. 76.1％±25.1％,P<0.001) were observed in female students. CONCLUSIONS: CPR was found to be related to gender, body weight, and body mass index of students in this study. The quality of chest compressions was well maintained in male students during 8 minutes of conventional CPR but declined rapidly in female students after 2 minutes according to the latest national guidelines. Physical fitness and rescuer fatigue did not affect the quality of ventilation.

Objective To investigate the cognition of the common cold and current situation of the treatment among physicians from various levels of hospitals in Chinese mainland,so as to provide evidence for future continuing medical education and rational medication.Methods A questionnaire designed for this survey was used to learn about the general information,cognitive degree of the common cold and prescription habits of physician who prescribed for cold within last three months,from various levels hospitals.Results A total of 1001 physicians were interviewed.Among them,749 physicians chose right options that the cold was the common cold and the influenza with 79.84％ in resident physicians and 56.76％ in chief physicians.A total of 745 physicians chose options that the course of common cold will be lasting 4 to 7 days; 895 physicians chose options that old people are the most susceptible for complication; 669 physicians thought the common cold was the most common infection in winter; 841 physicians used clinical methods to diagnose the common cold; 736 physicians thought although the cold was a kind of self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment could alleviate symptoms and improve life quality,patients should see doctor in time if it turns to severer; and 745 physicians held the opinion that treatment of the common cold should focus on relieving symptoms first. In addition, 61.60％ physicians had made prescription based on clinical symptoms; 505(54.24％ ) of them thought compound drugs were priority in treating the common cold.However,there were still 43 physicians prescribed antibiotics for common cold.Conclusions There is misunderstanding and discrepancy in cognition towards common cold and treatment among physicians from various levels of hospticals in mainland China.Physicians should standardize diagnosis and treatment for the common cold according to the domestic and foreign guidelines.

INTRODUCTIONThe aims of this study were to cross-culturally adapt and evaluate the validity of the Singaporean Malay and Tamil versions of the EQ-5D.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe EQ- 5D was cross-culturally adapted and translated using an iterative process following standard guidelines. Consenting adult Malay- and Tamil-speaking subjects at a primary care facility in Singapore were interviewed using a questionnaire (including the EQ-5D, a single item assessing global health, the SF-8 and sociodemographic questions) in their respective language versions. Known-groups and convergent construct validity of the EQ-5D was investigated by testing 30 a priori hypotheses per language at attribute and overall levels.

RESULTSComplete data were obtained for 94 Malay and 78 Indian patients (median age, 54 years and 51 years, respectively). At the attribute level, all 16 hypotheses were fulfilled with several reaching statistical significance (Malay: 4; Tamil: 5). At the overall level, 42 of 44 hypotheses related to the EQ-5D/ EQ-VAS were fulfilled (Malay: 22; Tamil: 20), with 21 reaching statistical significance (Malay: 9; Tamil: 12).

CONCLUSIONIn this study among primary care patients, the Singapore Malay and Tamil EQ-5D demonstrated satisfactory known-groups and convergent validity.

Acculturation ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; India ; ethnology ; Language ; Malaysia ; ethnology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Primary Health Care ; Psychometrics ; instrumentation ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; standards

INTRODUCTIONWhether fi nal height is associated with quality of life and mental health is a matter of epidemiological and medical concern. Both social and biological explanations have been previously proposed. This study aims to assess the associations in ethnic Chinese in Singapore.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA cross-sectional study of 4414 respondents aged at least 21 years seen at a major polyclinic was performed. Socioeconomic and behavioural features of the sample and the Singapore population of similar ages were comparable. Height was measured by clinic nurses using an ultrasonic height senor. Participants were interviewed for socioeconomic, behavioural, health and quality of life information. Clinical morbidity data was collected from the participants' treating physicians. The SF-6D utility index and its Mental Health domain were the main endpoints. Linear and ordinal logistic regression models were used to analyse the utility index and the Mental Health scores, respectively.

RESULTSHaving adjusted for age and gender, the Mental Health domain (P <0.01) was associated with height but the utility index was not. Further adjustment for health, socioeconomic and behavioural covariates made little difference. Analyses based on height categories showed similar trends.

CONCLUSIONAdult height has a positive association with mental health as measured by the SF-6D among ethnic Chinese in Singapore. Socioeconomic status and known physical health problems do not explain this association. Adult height had no association with SF-6D utility index scores.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Body Height ; ethnology ; China ; ethnology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Health Status ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mental Health ; ethnology ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult