Alkylphenols(APs) , the second most widely used commercial non-ionic surfactants in the world, are the main degradated productions of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs). The structure, biodegradation, transportation and distribution in environment, environmental monitoring and management are reviewed in this paper. Many meaurement methods of APs show that APs possess estrogenoid effects, that mainly disturb endocrinal and reproductive system, especially, estrogen-dependent organs. APs are associated with decreased fertility, reproductive disfunction, inferbility and cancer formation. APs are able to bind estrogen receptors, to imitate or antagonize estrogen effects, to disturb formation and metabolism of endogenous hormones and receptors. APs are also able to change the structure, quantity and function of cells and to disturb the kinetics of cellcycle at cytological and molecular levels. The more work on epidemiological study and mechanism of APs are needed. Management program for controlling environmental pollution caused by APs is being speedily investigated and put into practice progressively. It is necessary to restrict the use of APEs.

Gastric mucosa can be damaged by acute and chronic ethanol intake.Alcohol can cause acute and chronic gastric inflammation,such as mucosa hyperemia,edema,hemorrhage,erosion and ulcer formation.In this article we review the metabolism of ethanol,mechanism.The type of alcohol-induced gastric mucosal and therapy on gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol.

Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Humans ; Hypertension ; physiopathology ; therapy

This paper is prepared to discuss the common issues in data management, such as building and training of data management team, standard operation procedure, document management, execution and communication, strategies to correct and prevent mistakes, and measures to improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials and data management.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Data Collection ; standards ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; standards

Objective To test plasma insulin‐like growth factor 1(IGF‐1) level in type 2 diabetic patients with malignant tumor , and make comparison with diabetic patients and normal patients .To discuss the significance of detection of plasma IGF‐1 level in type 2 diabetes in screening early malignant tumor .Methods Plasma IGF‐1 level were determined in type 2 diabetes among malig‐nant tumor group ,type 2 diabetes ,and normal control group ,and statistical comparison was made between the three groups .Results the plasma levels of IGF‐1 of type 2 diabetes mellitus ,type 2 diabetes mellitus with malignant tumor were significantly lower than normal group(P<0 .05) .And the plasma level of IGF‐1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus with malignant tumor group was obviously high‐er than that of type 2 diabetic group(P<0 .05) .Plasma IGF‐1 ,FBG ,HbA1c and 2 HBG level are risk factors for tumor .The level of FIns is a protective factor for tumor .Conclusion Type 2 diabetes is closely related to the malignant tumor ,and the plasma levels of IGF‐1 is a risk factor for tumor .

Objective To establish a method to detect viral integrity of human papillomavirus in women cervical HPV infection. Methods We amplified E6/E7 gene and E2 gene of HPV16,then inserted them into a plasmid containing single copy HBB gene. HPV16 infected cervical epithelium samples were screened out by genotyping with RDB of flow-through hybridization assay.Fluo-rescence quantitive PCR data of HBB,viral E2 gene and viral E6 gene of all samples were standardized by compared with respective parameters of the plasmid.The ratio IHPV and CHPV were calculated to find out E2 gene disruption and viral copies per cell in the cer-vical samples,respectively.Results The plasmid constructed for standardization was proved effective to make the FQ-PCR data of E2 gene,E6 gene and HBB gene comparable.Thirty-seven HPV16 positive cervical epithelium samples included 22 cases from women whose TCT were normal,and 15 cases from women who confirmed HIL/CIN 2-3 or above through colposcopic examina-tion plus biopsy.Fifteen samples were detected E2 gene disruption,including 10 HIL/CIN 2-3 or above samples and 5 TCT normal samples.E2 gene integrity in different groups were statistically significant different(P <0.05).The average viral copies per cell dis-played a significant decline along with E2 gene disruption(P <0.05).Conclusion The tandem single copy gene plasmid standard-ized methord for the detection of E2 gene disruption caused by viral integration in HPV16 infected cervical cells is feasible and effec-tive.

Third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been considered as standard adjuvant endocrine therapy for hor-mone-responsive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS) are prevalent among patients undergoing AI therapy;these symptoms result in reduced quality of life and poor dependence to AI treatment. The mechanisms mediating AIMSS and the effective management of AIMSS have not been extensively investigated. This article re-views the incidence, clinical characteristics, possible mechanisms, and treatment of AIMSS.

Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia on renal tubular cells and the mechanism of renal interstitial fibrosis. Methods Effect of chronic hypoxia on the proliferation, cell cycle and expression of TGF-?1 mRNA in cultured MDCK cells was examined. Quiescent cells were exposed to hypoxia (3%O2) or normoxia (18%O2) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. At the end of each incubation, cellular proliferation and cell cycle were assessed by MTT method and flow cytometry, respectively. TGF-?1 mRNA level of cells were analyzed by semi-quantity RT-PCR. Results Exposure of MDCK cells to hypoxia induced a significant increase in proliferation and a significant decrease in the percentage of G0-G1 stage and a significant increase in the percentage of G2-M stage at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Meanwhile, TGF-?1 mRNA expression increased in a time-dependent manner as compared with normoxia group when MDCK cells were stimulated with 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours in hypoxia condition. Conclusion Chronic hypoxia-induced proliferation of MDCK cells is associated with increased expression of TGF-?1. Chronic hypoxia of renal tubular cells may be one of the causes of renal interstitial fibrosis.

0. 20) after D test of normality. The normal range of GEMP was 63. 11-72. 94 ?mol fructose/L (P= 95%). When clinical cardiovasculopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy,peripheral neuropathy and auditus reduction in the aged were compared between two groups of diabetic patients, one with normal and another with abnormal values of GEMP, the clinical indices, excepting cardiovasculopathy, were significantly different between the groups.

Objective To explore the effects of octylphenol, an environmental contaminant with estrogenic activity, on the expression of apoptosis regulator gene bcl-2 mRNA in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and to compare its effects with 17?-estradiol (E 2). Methods MCF-7 cells were cultured in vitro and exposed to various concentrations of octylphenol and E 2 from 12 h to 120 h respectively. Total RNA was abstracted and the expression of bcl-2 mRNA was measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach. Results The expression of bcl-2 mRNA in MCF-7 cells increased significantly after exposure to octylphenol and E 2 24 h and the effects continued to 120 h. The stimulation effect on the expression of bcl-2 mRNA was induced by octylphenol with a wide range of concentrations, and the strongest effect was found at the concentration of 10-6 mol/L of octylphenol. Conclusion The results suggested that octylphenol had similar estrogenic activities as E 2 on regulating the expression of bcl-2 mRNA in MCF-7 cells, but the effect was weaker than that of E 2.