Objective To establish a rabbit model of hypoglycemia and evaluate the accuracy and timeliness of hypoglycemia monitoring by continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).Methods Sixteen female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 4 rabbits in each group.The rabbits in the control group were given intravenous infusion of saline.The animals in the experimental group were infused with insulin continuously, which were divided into 0.1 U/kg/h insulin group (RI=0.1 U group), 0.2 U/kg/h insulin (RI=0.2 U group) group and 0.4 U/kg/h insulin group (RI=0.4 U group) accordingly.During the experiment, CGMS was monitored for 240 min.Blood samples were collected at a 30-minute interval and the blood glucose level was measured by a hand glucose meter.Results A total of 1296 CGMS monitoring data were obtained during the study period, and 136 BG monitoring data matched with CGMS time were obtained.After the insulin administration, BG and CGMS were significantly decreased.The reduction rates of BG and CGMS were 0.016 and 0.017 mmol/L/min in the RI=0.1 U insulin group, 0.04 and 0.027 mmol/L/min in the RI=0.2U insulin group, and 0.049 and 0.032 mmol/L/min in the RI=0.4 U group.According to whether BG monitoring value was lower than 4.4 mmol/L, the BG-CGMS paring data were divided into hypoglycemia and normoglycemia.In hypoglycemia, the average deviation of BG-CGMS was 0.55 mmol/L (the upper and lower limits were-0.98 and 2.08 mmol/L, respectively) and the absolute difference percentage (RAD) was 40.2% ± 45.2%.The mean deviation of BG-CGMS in normal blood glucose was-0.19 mmol/L (upper and lower limits were-1.38 and 1.00 mmol/L, respectively) and 5.8% ± 5.3% in RAD.The error grid analysis (EGA) showed that the proportion of zone A was 93.4%, 0.7% in zone B, and 5.9% in zone D, and the zone D was distributed in area of low BG and high CGMS.Conclusions The results of this study indicate that CGMS has a significant hysteresis phenomenon when blood glucose is reduced rapidly.When the blood glucose levels fall below 4.4 mmol/L, CGMS may have a risk of overestimating blood glucose.Such risk should be fully considered during CGMS clinical application.

The induction of DNA single-strand breaks(ssb)by exposure to hematoporphyrin photosensitizer(PSD-007)followed by photoirradiation was observed in mice leukemia cells(L7712)in vitro. DNA ssb increased with the increase of dose of light in the rangeof 6.3-21 J/cm2 after treatment with 30?g/ml PSD-007. In lower concentration(1?g/ ml)of the drug,no ssb could be estimated after light exposure. Whan the concentration of PSD-007 was increased from 10 to 30?g/ml, however, the amount of ssb showed a rapid increase and tend to reach a plateau at 50ug/ml.comparing with ?-ray irradiation, we observed that PSD-007 could not increase the amount of ssb in cells irradiated with ?-ray and the most of ssb could be rejoined after incubation at 37℃ for 1 hour in the presence of PSD-007. However, DNA ssb induced by photosensitizer and light could not be repaired in post-photorad iated incubation. It is suggested that there exist some differences between the damages induced by photosensitization and by ioning radiation.From our experiment, we believe that DNA damage of cells is an early and critical event in photosensitization, which is different from that induced by y-ray irradiation.

OBJECTIVE:To observe clinical efficacy and safety of intrathecal injection of meropenem combined with vanco-mycin for intracranial infections after craniotomy. METHODS:In retrospective analysis,46 patients with intracranial infections af-ter craniotomy selected from our hospital during May 2014 to Jun. 2016 were divided into control group(20 cases)and observation group(26 cases)according to treatment method. Control group was given Vancomycin hydrochloride for injection 1.0 g,ivgtt,bid+Meropenem for injection 2.0 g,ivgtt,tid. After cerebrospinal fluid release of lumbar cistern drainage,observation group was given Vancomycin hydrochloride for injection 20 mg slowly,and the given Meropenem for injection 20 mg,bid,after washing tube with 0.9% Sodium chloride injection 2 mL. Both groups received treatment for 2 weeks. Cerebrospinal fluid bacterial culture,clinical ef-ficacy,healing time and treatment cost were observed in 2 groups,and the occurrence of ADR and sequela in 6 months after treat-ment were recorded. RESULTS:The positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid bacterial culture of 46 patients was 45.7%. The healing rate of observation group(92.3%)was significantly higher than that of control group(65.0%). Healing time and treatment cost of ob-servation group were significantly shorter or lower than control group;and total incidence of ADR (7.7%) was also significantly lower than control group (40.0%),the incidence of sequelae (3.8%) was significantly lower than control group (20.0%),with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Therapeutic efficacy of intrathecal injection of meropenem combined with van-comycin is superior than intravenous administration for intracranial infections after craniotomy,can significantly shorten the treat-ment time and reduce treatment cost with good safety.

Objective:To observe the 5-year outcomes and complications after cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens implantation in children with bilateral congenital cataract.Methods:An observational case series study was performed.A total of 72 children (144 eyes), aged 2 to 7 years, who received intraocular lens (IOL) implantation combined with posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexies and anterior vitrectomy after cataract extraction for bilateral congenital cataract in The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2007 to January 2012 were enrolled.All the patients underwent refractive correction and amblyopia training two weeks after the second operative eye underwent surgery.The patients were divided into 2-3 years old group (64 eyes), 4-5 years old group (48 eyes) and 6-7 years old group (32 eyes) according to their age at surgery.The preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, axial length, corneal curvature, binocular visual function and postoperative complications were observed during the 5-year follow-up period.The influence of age at surgery on postoperative BCVA in one eye at the final follow-up visit was analyzed.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Affiliated First Hospital of Zhengzhou University (No.2020-KY-219), and written informed consent was obtained from guardians of the subjects before treatment.Results:The mean myopic shift was -2.10(-2.90, -1.90), -1.73(-2.50, -2.10) and-0.52(-2.00, -0.28)D in the 2-3 years old group, 4-5 years old group and 6-7 years old group, respectively, and the axial elongation in the three groups was (1.41±0.32), (0.96±0.51), and (0.52±0.26)mm, respectively, and the differences among the three groups were statistically significant ( H=19.85, P<0.01; F=13.24, P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative and postoperative corneal curvature among the three groups (all at P>0.05).The BCVA was significantly improved in all the eyes after operation, and a certain binocular visual function was obtained, and the visual function in the 2-3 years old group was better than that of 4-5 years old group and 6-7 years old group (all at P<0.05).The BCVA at the end of following-up was 0.3 or better in 116 eyes (80.56%), and was better than 0.8 in 28 eyes (19.44%).The regression analysis results showed that children younger at surgery had better visual outcome (postoperative BCVA=0.959-0.104 operative age of patient; R2=0.539, P<0.01). Conclusions:The recovery of visual function in children with binocular congenital cataract is related to the age at operation.The younger the age at operation is, the better the recovery of visual function will be.Timely, systematic and standardized refractive correction, amblyopia treatment and binocular visual function training after operation are helpful to the development and reconstruction of visual function.

OBJECTIVE:To study inhibitory effects of propofol on PC12 cells injury induced by glutamic acid via mitogen-acti-vated protein kinase/extra-cellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signal pathway. METHODS:PC12 cells were randomized into normal control group,model group(10 mmol/L glutamic acid),propofol low-concentrations,medium-concentrations and high-con-centrations groups(12.5,25,50 μmol/L+10 mmol/L glutamic acid). The optical density of cells,cell apoptosis,the phosphoryla-tion of ERK1/2 and the expression of c-fos,Bax,Bcl-2 were detected after treated with relevant medicine for 48 h. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group,optical density of cells,the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 decreased in model group (P<0.01);apoptotic rate,the expression of c-fos and Bax increased (P<0.01). Compared with model group,optical density of cells,the expression of Bcl-2 and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 increased in propofol group (P<0.01);apoptosis rate,the ex-pression of c-fos and Bax decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). There were statistical significant between the different concentrations (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Propofol can inhibit the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by glutamic acid,which is associated with the up-regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; immunology ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Liver Failure ; immunology ; therapy

Cardiovascular Diseases ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Clusterin ; metabolism ; physiology ; Humans

Diabetes,characterized by chronic increase of blood glucose,is a group of metabolic diseases.It is usually treated by oral administration with antidiabetic drug and insulin with western medicine.Diabetes is called consumptive thirst in TCM.Professor NAN Zheng thought the pathogenesis of consumptive was yin defi ciency and dryness-heat at the early stage,and at the protracted stage it was usually characterized by qi defi ciency,blood stasis,pathogen intruding into collateral and poison damaging zang and fu.He established a series of treatment plan,involving diet,movement,and the Chinese materia medica.Professor NAN opposed to abusing insulin and the insulin multi-purpose theory,and proposed the treatment should start from change of bad life style and combine with application of Chinese medicine to regulate yin-yang and qi-blood of fi ve viscera,treat triple diabetes at the same time.So long as syndrome differentiation was accurate,the Chinese materia medica may replace the insulin and prolong the life.In conclusion,this article enumerates 3 typical cases diabetes withdrawal of insulin with TCM by Professor NAN Zheng.

OBJECTIVE: To review the applications of D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as a drug carrier in pharmaceutical preparation.