In the case of brachial plexus block, mixtures of local anesthetics can combine better features of both components, rapid onset and long duration. Combining effects may influence the onset and duration of neural blockade. Our study was undertaken in order to compare the onset time (time of injection to time of loss of pain on pin prick) and duration of analgesia (time of return of sense of pain on pin prick minus time required for onset of analgesia) of a lidocaine and bupivacaine mixture with 5 minutes interval injection of lidocaine and bupivacaine. The patients admitted to our hospital for hand or forearm operations were divided into three groups. In Group 1, 9 patients were injected with 0.5% bupivacaine 150 mg only, in Group 2, 11 patients were injected with a mixture of 29: lidocaine 200 mg and 0.5% bupivacaine 100 mg, in Group 3, 10 patients were injected with 2% lidocaine 200 mg and 5 minutes later, 0.5% bupivacaine 100 mg was injected through the same needle. Group 3 had the shortest onset time (7.2+/-0.2 minutes) with moderately long duration (9.4+/-2.4hours). Group 2 had a moderately rapid onset time (9.4+/-2.3 mintes) with the shortest duration (8.6+/-1.6 hours). Group 1 had the slowest onset time (14.8+/-4.3 minutes) with the longest duration (11.3+/-2. 4 hours). The time for analgesia to reach the C7 dermatome was the slowest in group 1 and Group 2, but in Group 3, there was no difference in the time needed to achieve analgesia in all dermatomes.
Analgesia ; Anesthetics, Local* ; Brachial Plexus ; Bupivacaine ; Forearm ; Hand ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Needles

Epidural clonidine is reported to produce analgesia in humans. To investigate the analgesic effect and prolongation of epidural and spinal anesthesia, we mixed 0.2mg epinephrine, 150 mcg clonidine, or 1 cc normal saline with 0.5% bupivacaine and compared the hemodynamie and analgesic effects of each drug. Heart rate and blood pressure were checked before, during and after anesthesia. Sensory level was checked by pin-prick method. The results were as follows; 1) The analgesia onset time and the time to highest level of sensory loss was most rapid in the epinephrine group. 2) The two segment regression time was significantly prolonged in the epinephrine group. 3) The analgesia duration was significantly prolonged in the clonidine and epinephrine group. 4) Although the heart rate gradually decreased over 60 min. After injection of each drug, there was no significant change between the groups. 5) Blood pressure decreased over 20-30 min. After injection of each drug, but there was no significant change between the groups.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Blood Pressure ; Bupivacaine* ; Clonidine* ; Epinephrine* ; Heart Rate ; Humans

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the opinions of Gyeongsangbuk-do residents on out-of-hours (OOH) pharmacies and to examine the operating experiences of pharmacists who are operating OOH pharmacies in other areas. Methods: Cross-sectional survey was carried out for 1,000 Gyeongbuk residents employing a questionnaire via online or face-to-face, and 82 pharmacists who currently operate OOH pharmacies employing a postal questionnaire. Out of eighty-two, 46 pharmacists replied (response rate 56.1%). Results: As for the necessity of introducing OOH pharmacies in Gyeongsangbuk-do, 84.9% answered more than necessary.86.1% favored the local government support for OOH pharmacies. The necessity of OOH pharmacies was highly evaluated among participants who experienced to be unable to use medicines or services in out of service hours, regardless of their characteristics or health condition. County residents consistently put a positive opinion for the necessity of OOH pharmacies if they have elderly family member(s), while city residents had significant differences across subgroups depending on their conditions (family members, household economics, health status, etc.). Almost all (95.7%) pharmacist participants highly evaluated the necessity of OOH pharmacies and the majority of them (63.0%) felt satisfied. However, 60.9% of participants have ever considered closing their OOH pharmacy business due to private, business management and professional reasons. Conclusion This study made suggestions to address anticipated issues for the Gyeongbuk-style OOH pharmacy model.

Forty patients with preeclampsia, undergoing general anesthesia for Cesarean section were studied. They were allocated randomly to receive either propofol 2.5 mg/kg and laryngeal mask insertion or thiopental sodium 4 mg/kg and endotracheal intubation for induction of anesthesia. All patients receiving thiopental sodium and tracheal intubation showed potentially dangerous reflex cardiovascular instability. There was a average 48.7 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure after intubation. The patients receiving propofol and laryngeal mask insertion showed only 10.7 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure. It is concluded that thiopental sodium induction and traeheal intubation of patients with preecalmpsia produces an increase in blood pressure which can lead to a risk of significant complication. Thus propofol induction and laryngeal mask seems to be a suitable anesthetic method in preeclampsia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Pre-Eclampsia* ; Pregnancy ; Propofol* ; Reflex ; Thiopental

No abstract available.
Syphilis, Cutaneous

No abstract available.
Doxorubicin* ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Etoposide* ; Fluorouracil* ; Mitomycin* ; Retrospective Studies* ; Stomach Neoplasms*

This study was carried out with 343(161 male, 182 female) elementary school children to investigate the relationship between 5th and 6th grade males and females of living in Chuncheon city. The degrees of going without a meal and overeating showed high in breakfast and dinner respectively. Also most children responded that they eat more than usual when they are under stress. After having dinner, 52.8% of the children ate snacks. 64.7% of the children have unbalanced diets with the main reason being they don't like the peculiar smell that some foods have. Most children sleep 8 hours and go to school on foot, and 74.3% of the children enjoy indoor activities in their spare time. The regularity of exercise shows a low level of 39.1%. In weight control, 51.0% of the children take no interest in it. Thirty percent of the children get their nutrition knowledge from school and the order of average mark of their nutrition knowledge is poor(40.5%), fair(36.4%), and excellent(23.0%). Most children like sweet taste. It is prevalent that the children think instant food is not good for their health, and their preference for instant food is on a fair level. The most popular instant food is in the order of ddogbbokki, ice-cream, kimbap, fried chicken and pork cutlet.
Breakfast ; Chickens ; Child* ; Diet ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Foot ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Male ; Meals ; Smell ; Snacks

The effect of mgSO4 on epinephrine-induced arrhythmia were evaluated in twenty male rabbits anesthetized with halothane. Epinephrine was given intravenously at a rate of 5 mcg/Kg/min by a constant volume infusion pump until two or more premature ventricular contractions occured. The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine was determined to be the dose at which the onset of arrhythmia occured. Thirty seconds after the onset of arrhythmia, either mgSO4 8mg/kg(group 1, n=10) or lidocaine 1.5mg/kg(group 2, n=10) was injected and repeated at 30 second intervals up to 4 times until normal sinus rhythm returned. Intravenous injection of mgSO4 decreased the duration of arrhythmia. The arrhythmia duration of group 1(78.5+/-23.9 sec) was shorter than group 2(92.5+/-46.1 sec) but which was statistically insignificant. Two cases of group 1 and four cases of group 2 did not treated by antiarrhythmic agents, but there were not statistically significant. The results of this study show that compared to lidocaine, mgSO4, had a shorter duration of epinephrine-induced cardiac tachyarrhythmia although it was not statistically significant. However malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia not controllable with lidocaine and other conventional drugs, mgSO4 infusion is recommended.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Epinephrine* ; Halothane* ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Injections, Intravenous ; Lidocaine* ; Magnesium Sulfate ; Male ; Rabbits* ; Tachycardia ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

A 46 year old woman was admitted to the Korea University Gynecology department for the resection of a myoma uteri. Upon admission, preoperative laboratory findings revealed a low hemoglobin level of 8.6 gm/dl, Two units of fresh whole blood donated by her two sons were transfused and her post transfusion hemoglobin was corrected to 10,5 gm/dl. On April 22, she received a transabdominal hysterectomy under general anesthesia during which no significant events occured. Aside from fever and coughing, the postoperative course was uneventful She was discharged seven days after surgery. The patient was readmitted on May 3, with chilling, diarrhea, generalized ache, skin rash, diffuse abdominal pain and tenderness. She was send to ICU, but her condition deteriorated rapidly and her skin rash progressed to generalized erythroderma and icterus was noted. Thereafter she became confused, hypotensive and oligurie. Her blood studies revealed pancytopenia and atypical lymphocytes. The patient was died on May 22, despite all efforts. Although the exact causes of death are still unknown, the presumed diagnosis is acute transfusion associated graft-versus-host disease based on clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory data.
Abdominal Pain ; Anesthesia, General ; Cause of Death ; Cough ; Dermatitis, Exfoliative ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Exanthema ; Female ; Fever ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Jaundice ; Korea ; Lymphocytes ; Middle Aged ; Myoma ; Pancytopenia ; Transplants* ; Uterus

Although it has been accepted that metoclopramide provides the effects of antiemetics, enhance- ment of intestinal motility and acts as antagonist on dopamine receptor, there is still controversy over inhibitory action of plasma cholinesterase. We examined the effect of preoperative intravenous administration of metoclopramide 10mg (group 2,4) on the duration of neuromuscular block induced by an intubating dose (1 mg/kg) of succinylcholine. Forty female adult patients were devided into four groups, scheduled for cesarean section (group 3,4) or other elective operations (group 1,2). The 1 H2single twitch height of the adductor pollicis muacle was recorded on paper to 1 H2single twitch stimulus by a nerve stimulator (Accelograph). The patients in group 2 and 4 received metoclopramide 10 mg i.v followed by succinylcholine 1mg/kg, and the patients in group 1 and 3 received succinylcholine 1mg/kg alone. The time from disappearance of 1 H, single twitch height to reappearance of that did not significantly differ between group l and 3. However, there was significant prolongation of the time from disappearance of 1H2single twitch height to reappearance of that in patients who received metoclopramide followed by succinylcholine in group 2 and 4. Also, we examined the effect of preoperative intravenous administration of metoclopramide 10mg on the duration of neuromuscular block by 0.5mg/kg of succinylcholine in twenty female patients for elective operations (group 5,6). There was no significant prolongation of the time from disappearance of 1 H, single twitch height to reappearance of that.
Administration, Intravenous ; Adult ; Antiemetics ; Cesarean Section ; Cholinesterases ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Humans ; Metoclopramide* ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Plasma ; Pregnancy ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Succinylcholine*