In the case of brachial plexus block, mixtures of local anesthetics can combine better features of both components, rapid onset and long duration. Combining effects may influence the onset and duration of neural blockade. Our study was undertaken in order to compare the onset time (time of injection to time of loss of pain on pin prick) and duration of analgesia (time of return of sense of pain on pin prick minus time required for onset of analgesia) of a lidocaine and bupivacaine mixture with 5 minutes interval injection of lidocaine and bupivacaine. The patients admitted to our hospital for hand or forearm operations were divided into three groups. In Group 1, 9 patients were injected with 0.5% bupivacaine 150 mg only, in Group 2, 11 patients were injected with a mixture of 29: lidocaine 200 mg and 0.5% bupivacaine 100 mg, in Group 3, 10 patients were injected with 2% lidocaine 200 mg and 5 minutes later, 0.5% bupivacaine 100 mg was injected through the same needle. Group 3 had the shortest onset time (7.2+/-0.2 minutes) with moderately long duration (9.4+/-2.4hours). Group 2 had a moderately rapid onset time (9.4+/-2.3 mintes) with the shortest duration (8.6+/-1.6 hours). Group 1 had the slowest onset time (14.8+/-4.3 minutes) with the longest duration (11.3+/-2. 4 hours). The time for analgesia to reach the C7 dermatome was the slowest in group 1 and Group 2, but in Group 3, there was no difference in the time needed to achieve analgesia in all dermatomes.
Analgesia ; Anesthetics, Local* ; Brachial Plexus ; Bupivacaine ; Forearm ; Hand ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Needles

No abstract available.
Humans ; Immunosuppression ; Mycobacterium chelonae*

No abstract available.
Scalp*

Forty patients with preeclampsia, undergoing general anesthesia for Cesarean section were studied. They were allocated randomly to receive either propofol 2.5 mg/kg and laryngeal mask insertion or thiopental sodium 4 mg/kg and endotracheal intubation for induction of anesthesia. All patients receiving thiopental sodium and tracheal intubation showed potentially dangerous reflex cardiovascular instability. There was a average 48.7 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure after intubation. The patients receiving propofol and laryngeal mask insertion showed only 10.7 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure. It is concluded that thiopental sodium induction and traeheal intubation of patients with preecalmpsia produces an increase in blood pressure which can lead to a risk of significant complication. Thus propofol induction and laryngeal mask seems to be a suitable anesthetic method in preeclampsia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Pre-Eclampsia* ; Pregnancy ; Propofol* ; Reflex ; Thiopental

Epidural clonidine is reported to produce analgesia in humans. To investigate the analgesic effect and prolongation of epidural and spinal anesthesia, we mixed 0.2mg epinephrine, 150 mcg clonidine, or 1 cc normal saline with 0.5% bupivacaine and compared the hemodynamie and analgesic effects of each drug. Heart rate and blood pressure were checked before, during and after anesthesia. Sensory level was checked by pin-prick method. The results were as follows; 1) The analgesia onset time and the time to highest level of sensory loss was most rapid in the epinephrine group. 2) The two segment regression time was significantly prolonged in the epinephrine group. 3) The analgesia duration was significantly prolonged in the clonidine and epinephrine group. 4) Although the heart rate gradually decreased over 60 min. After injection of each drug, there was no significant change between the groups. 5) Blood pressure decreased over 20-30 min. After injection of each drug, but there was no significant change between the groups.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Blood Pressure ; Bupivacaine* ; Clonidine* ; Epinephrine* ; Heart Rate ; Humans

No abstract available.
Leg*

Leprosy is a granulomatous disease primarily affecting the peripheral nerves. The pathogenesis would be related to the cell-mediated response to mycobacterial antigens, metabolic and biochemical change of Schwann cell, circulating demyelinating factors and other autoimmune process. A specific nerve tissue protein, S-100 protein, has been demonstrated in normal nerves and nerve complexes. The stains of S-100 protein in dermal nerves of leprosy patients have been suggested in assessing the presence of nerve damage. We have estimated the concentration of S-100 protein in the sera of 64 leprosy patients(38 lepromatous leprosy, 26 tuberculoid leprosy) and that of 20 normal controls without neurologic disorders by ELISA. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean S-100 protein concentration was 0.0042ng/ml in a total of 64 leprosy patients, with 0.0062ng/ml in lepromatous type and 0.018ng/ml in tuberculoid type. The controls showed 0.0017ng/ml. 2. The analysis of age and serum S-100 protein concentration in both types showed lower value in the fifties of tuberculoid type(p<0.05). With the increase of age, mean S-100 protein concentration in both types tended to increase, but there was no significant correlation(p>0.05). 3. The analysis of duration of illness and serum S-100 protein concentration in both types showed higher value in the forties and fifties in lepromatous type(p<0.05). With the increase of duration of illness, mean S-100 protein concentration tended to increase in lepromatous type and slightly decreased in tuberculoid type, but there was no significant correlation(p>0.05). 4. The mean S-100 protein concentration of patients with neurologic symptoms was 0.0577ng/ml, in contrast with 0.0016ng/ml in patients without neurologic symptoms (p<0.05). In conclusion, the measurement of serum S-100 protein would play a potential role of a useful marker of assessing nerve damage in leprosy patients, esp, with neurologic symptoms.
Coloring Agents ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Leprosy* ; Leprosy, Lepromatous ; Nerve Tissue ; Nervous System Diseases ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Peripheral Nerves ; S100 Proteins*

No abstract available.
Doxorubicin* ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Etoposide* ; Fluorouracil* ; Mitomycin* ; Retrospective Studies* ; Stomach Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Isotretinoin* ; Papilloma*

This study was carried out with 343(161 male, 182 female) elementary school children to investigate the relationship between 5th and 6th grade males and females of living in Chuncheon city. The degrees of going without a meal and overeating showed high in breakfast and dinner respectively. Also most children responded that they eat more than usual when they are under stress. After having dinner, 52.8% of the children ate snacks. 64.7% of the children have unbalanced diets with the main reason being they don't like the peculiar smell that some foods have. Most children sleep 8 hours and go to school on foot, and 74.3% of the children enjoy indoor activities in their spare time. The regularity of exercise shows a low level of 39.1%. In weight control, 51.0% of the children take no interest in it. Thirty percent of the children get their nutrition knowledge from school and the order of average mark of their nutrition knowledge is poor(40.5%), fair(36.4%), and excellent(23.0%). Most children like sweet taste. It is prevalent that the children think instant food is not good for their health, and their preference for instant food is on a fair level. The most popular instant food is in the order of ddogbbokki, ice-cream, kimbap, fried chicken and pork cutlet.
Breakfast ; Chickens ; Child* ; Diet ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Foot ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Male ; Meals ; Smell ; Snacks