This study was carried out to provide the improvable way of foodservice management to dietitian in the elementary schools. For this purpose the serving pattern of food, menu planing, nutrition education, leftover management and difficulties in foodservice were investigated. The survey was conducted through questionnaires, which were collected from 249 dietitions randomly selected in Taejon and Chung Nam. Data were analyzed by SAS program. The main results of this study are as follows. The children in Taejon took foods in the class room(65.7%) and those in Chung Nam in the dinning hall(89.9%)(p<0.01). In menu planning the balance of nutrition(42.6%) was mainly considered and then food preference(19.7%), variety of menus(16.1%), food cost(16.1%), composition of food color, taste and texture(3.2%), skills of food making(1.6%) and the number of students(0.8%). They referred cooking magazines(47.7%), the previous menu(42.2%), children's opinion(7.2%) for planing menu. The insufficiency of implements and devices for food(24.1%) and lack of season's food(20.4%) were indicated as difficulties in their job. 34.5% of dietitians used a standard menu, 79.5% investigated food preference of children, 74.3% evaluated taste of foods before serving, and 80.7% regularly checked leftover. The major reason for leftover was careless of the teacher in charge in Taejon and bad taste of foods nutrition in Chung Nam(p<0.001). 98.5% of them answered that they had the responsibility for nutrition education in elementary school. They had a hard time in relationship with the staffs in school(40.6%) and employees for food(39.8%), and lack of market information(38.2%). To efficiency of dietitian's work can be enhanced by reflecting the results of children's food preference and leftover, by using standard cooking method and proper cooking utensil, and by performing nutrition education for children by themselves.
Child ; Cooking ; Cooking and Eating Utensils ; Daejeon* ; Education ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Menu Planning ; Nutritionists* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was done to provide basic information for nutrition education and meal planning by analyzing children's food preference. For this purpose, 938 children from eleven elementary schools under meal service were randomly selected in Taejon. The survey was conducted by questionnaires, and data were analyzed by SAS program. Children prefered ssalbap to japkogbap and liked kimbap the best among one dish foods. But their most favorite foods were chajangmyun in noodles, miyeokkuk in soups, and chamchichigae in pot stew. Sixth graders like kimchichigae more than third graders. In the case of chims, children like duejigalbichim, sogalbichim, and dalgyalchim. In the jorim, they prefered duejigogi jangjorim, mechurial jangjorim to any other jorims. The preference of bockum, namul, jangachi, and jotgal is generally low. Children's preference is high in fruit, drink, fried food, one dish food and is low in jangachi, namul, bockum. These results suggest that the preference of foods should be fully taken into consideration in school meal service so that they can eat foods with pleasure. Foods, which are low in preference due to the cooking method, should be prepared with new cooking methods developed specifically for children. 'Even though the preference of food is low to the children, the nutritious foods should be utilized in the school menu. Then, the imporatance of food intake must be taught to them through nutrition education.
Child* ; Cooking ; Daejeon* ; Eating ; Education ; Food Preferences* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Meals* ; Pleasure ; Surveys and Questionnaires

To investigate the children's food habit, one thousand of children from eleven elementary school food service were randomly selected in Taejon. The survey was conducted by questionnaires and data were analyzed by SAS program. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The average height and weight for the 3th grader are 132.0cm and 29.4kg for boys. 131.2cm and 27.9kg for girls. In the case of the 6th grader the average height and weight are 147.1cm, 41.1kg for male, 148.6cm, 41.0kg for female, repectively. Those values are less than national averages. 2. The third grader eats breakfast more regularly than the sixth grader(p<0.001) and 51.5% of the children answer that they take foods for their health. The third grader has better eating habits than the six grader. This survey shows that the sixth grader eat more cereal, milk and vegetable and the third grader has less fruits than the sixth grader. 49.3% of the total children likes eating food at home, 36.6% eating outsid and 14.1% school meal service. 25.8% of the children reply that they do not eat now foods during school meal service. 82.5% of the total children are willing to eat foods served from school meal service if a teacher explains about the information of foods.
Breakfast ; Edible Grain ; Child* ; Daejeon* ; Eating ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Food Services* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vegetables

This study was conducted to compare the dietary characteristics of middle-aged people with different obesity index or food habits. Questionnaires were collected from 480 subjects in Daejon. The data were analyzed by chi2-test and ANOVA. The subjects were distributed into the normal weight group(66.3%), overweight group(18.3%) and underweight(15.4%) based on BMI. Twenty-five percent of males and 23.0% of females in the 50's belonged to the overweight group. The least consumed food was milk or milk products among the five basic food groups. The frequency of exercise was low in their daily life. The had better food habits than the males. The overweight group had worse food habits than the normal weight or underweight group. The underweight group ate light meal and ate slowly. The better the subjects had, the more regularly they took breakfast(p<0.001). The good food habits group were more interested in their dietary life and were more careful in selecting foods for their health than the bad food habits group(p<0.001). Based on the results of this study, the practical education programs should be focused on more intake of milk or products and on daily exercise for the self-health maintenance of middle-aged people. Also, proper education programs should be developed for males and females in their 50's to practice weight control and regularity of meals in their life, and to utilize nutrition knowledge in dietary life. Further research on the comparision of dietary characteristics are needed with consideration of the subjects ratio according to BMI.
Daejeon ; Education ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Thinness ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Aspects of health food intake were investigated by conducting a questionnaire survey with over 480 of adults in Taejon and the data were analyzed by chi2-test, t-test and ANOVA, using an SAS program. Eighty two percent of the subjects had taken some kind of health food. The health foods they took frequently were, for example, health drinks, green tea, ginseng products, dietary fiber drinks, honey, general tea, vitamin B, vitamin C, and tonic medicines. The main reason for taking health foods was recovery from fatigue and the frequency of taking health foods was one time per day. Most of the subjects took health foods without knowledge of their components or effects. When they health foods with a perceived knowledge of their components and effects, they responded that the health foods were very helpful for them. Twenty percent of subjects experienced side effects, such as diarrhea, stomachache, headache, nettle rash, and stomach cramps. Information on health foods was obtained mainly from friends or family. The user group showed higher intention to continue health food intake than non users(p<0.001). Health foods were taken without any knowledge about them. Health food intake was significantly correlated with consideration of disease, suffering or disease, medical examination, and self-perceived health status, but not with food habits and health food knowledge. As for the results from the adults consumption pattern of health food, an education program should be developed to choose proper health foods according to the consumers dietary life and health conditions. Also a proper guide line should be established to be chosen the authorized health foods.
Adult* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Daejeon* ; Diarrhea ; Dietary Fiber ; Education ; Exanthema ; Fatigue ; Food Habits ; Friends ; Headache ; Food, Organic* ; Honey ; Humans ; Intention ; Muscle Cramp ; Panax ; Stomach ; Tea ; Vitamins ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Aspects of health food intake were investigated by conducting a questionnaire survey with over 480 of adults in Taejon and the data were analyzed by chi2-test, t-test and ANOVA, using an SAS program. Eighty two percent of the subjects had taken some kind of health food. The health foods they took frequently were, for example, health drinks, green tea, ginseng products, dietary fiber drinks, honey, general tea, vitamin B, vitamin C, and tonic medicines. The main reason for taking health foods was recovery from fatigue and the frequency of taking health foods was one time per day. Most of the subjects took health foods without knowledge of their components or effects. When they health foods with a perceived knowledge of their components and effects, they responded that the health foods were very helpful for them. Twenty percent of subjects experienced side effects, such as diarrhea, stomachache, headache, nettle rash, and stomach cramps. Information on health foods was obtained mainly from friends or family. The user group showed higher intention to continue health food intake than non users(p<0.001). Health foods were taken without any knowledge about them. Health food intake was significantly correlated with consideration of disease, suffering or disease, medical examination, and self-perceived health status, but not with food habits and health food knowledge. As for the results from the adults consumption pattern of health food, an education program should be developed to choose proper health foods according to the consumers dietary life and health conditions. Also a proper guide line should be established to be chosen the authorized health foods.
Adult* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Daejeon* ; Diarrhea ; Dietary Fiber ; Education ; Exanthema ; Fatigue ; Food Habits ; Friends ; Headache ; Food, Organic* ; Honey ; Humans ; Intention ; Muscle Cramp ; Panax ; Stomach ; Tea ; Vitamins ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Acupuncture has been widely used in alternative medicine for pain relief but may have many complications due to lack of appropriate cares. Pharmacopuncture is a sort of acupuncture that injects a herbal ingredient through a thin tube for the purpose of combining the effects of the herb and acupuncture and it has many pitfalls. The agents used in pharmacopuncture are not refined for a desired effect and not produced by sterile standard processes under strict medical surveillance. We report a case of a 44-yr-old male patient who had multiple abscesses in the psoas region with fever, right low back and hip pain that began after the pharmacopuncture treatment. This case shows that although pharmacopuncture has been practiced widely, it is important that the appropriate aseptic technique should be used to prevent severe infections and other complications.
Abscess ; Acupuncture ; Complementary Therapies ; Fever ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; Psoas Abscess

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is quite difficult to comprehend and manage, of which etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully understood. CRPS is classified as either type 1 (without any known nerve injury) or type 2 (with apparent nerve or tissue injury). Spinal cord stimulation is a restorative therapy that currently offers the best chances of obtaining long-term pain relief in CRPS patients with pain that has not responded to other treatments such as physical therapy or analgesic medications. A 45 years old male patient referred to our pain clinic due to uncontrolled pain at the middle finger for 4 years after crushing injury. He was diagnosed with CRPS type 2 and treated with medication, stellate ganglion block, thoracic sympathetic block, and pulsed radiofrequency therapy, but their effects were transient and not satisfactory. A percutaneous spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with a single quadripolar electrode was tried and the patient's finger pain was improved significantly (from VAS 10 to 2). SCS is an effective treatment for CRPS type 2 which results from crushing injury when alternative therapies fail.
Complementary Therapies ; Electrodes ; Fingers* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain Clinics ; Spinal Cord Stimulation* ; Spinal Cord* ; Stellate Ganglion

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective, double-blind randomized study was to compare the clinical properties of sevoflurane-alfentanil with propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in patients undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Forty patients (ASA physical status 1, 2) scheduled for elective surgery received total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA group) with remifentanil and propofol or sevoflurane-alfentanil. The TIVA group was induced with propofol 5 microgram/ml and remifentanil 4.5 ng/ml. The anesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusions of propofol 2.5 microgram/ml and remifentanil 3 ng/ml. The sevoflurane-alfentanil group was induced with alfentanil 15 microgram/kg and propofol 1.5 mg/kg IV. Maintenance was obtained with 2.0 vol% sevoflurane and a bolus of alfentanil 10microgram/kg IV where needed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the time to eye opening, the time to extubation, post-anesthetic recovery room stay time and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol-remifentanil (TIVA) and sevoflurane-alfentanil both provided satisfactory anesthesia for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Alfentanil ; Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Intravenous* ; Blood Pressure ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting ; Propofol ; Prospective Studies ; Recovery Room

PURPOSE: Primary radiation therapy following breast-conserving surgery has been an accepted alternative to mastectomy during the past 2 decades. In this country, however, the practice of conservative therapy for early invasive breast cancer has not been generalized yet. The purpose of this report was to evaluate the results and complications of breast conservation therapy in Korean Cancer Center Hospital(KCCH) MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1987 to December 1989, 45 patietns with early breast cancer treated with conservative treatment in KCCH were studied retrospectively. Median follow up was 54 months(range, 4 to 82 months). All patients received partial mastectomy (biopsy, tumorectomy, or quadrantectomy) and radiation therapy. Twenty eight patients received axillary dissection. The breast was treated with two poosing tangential fields (total 50 Gy or 50.4 Gy in 5 weeks with daily target dose of 2 Gy or 1.8 Gy). Thirty patients received chemotherapy before and after radiotherapy. Eleven patients received hormonal therapy. RESULTS: Five-year survival rate, 5-year disease free survival rate and 5-year local control rate were 87.2%, 86.5% and 97.6%, respectively. Administration of systemic Therapy (chemotherapy or hormonal therapy) correlated with good prognosis but statistically not significant (0.05 < p < 0.01). The sever late complication rate was 8.9%. CONCLUSION: Primary radiation therapy following breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer is an alternative treatment comparing to radical treatment. Long term follow-up and more patients collection is needed to evaluate the prognostic factor and cosmetic outcome.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mastectomy ; Mastectomy, Segmental* ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate