The combination of the various diagnostic methods of palpable breast mass has improved the diagnosticaccuracy. From Sep.1983 to Aug. 1985 pathologically proven 85 patients with palpable breast masses examined withX-ray mammography, ultrasonography, penumomammography and aspiration cytology at Korea Cancer Center Hospital wereanalyzed. The diagnostic accuracies of each methods were 77.6% of mammogram, 74.1% of ultrasonomgram, 90.5% ofpenumommaogram and 92.4% of aspiration cytology. Pneumommamograms was accomplished without difficulty orcomplication and depicted more clearly delineated mass with various pathognomonic findings; air-ductal pattern infibroadenoma(90.4%) and cystosarcoma phylloides(100%), air-halo in fibrocystic disease(14.2%), fibroadenoma(100%),cystosarcoma phylloides (100%), air-cystogram in cystic type of fibrocystic disease(100%) and vaculoar pattern orirregular air collection without retained peripheral gas in carcinoma.
Breast ; Humans ; Korea ; Mammography ; Ultrasonography

Thrombocytopenia (TP) is a frequent complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and regarded as a poor prognostic factor, especially in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), although various factors were related to the development of TP after allogeneic SCT. Sixty-three patients receiving allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) were stratified according to platelet count (PC) at day +60 and analyzed in terms of overall survival (OS) and the incidence of non-relapse mortality (NRM). Ten patients (15.9%) were stratified in group 1 (PC < or =29 x 10(9)/L), 23 patients (36.5%) in group 2 (PC 30-79 x 10(9)/L), and 30 patients in group 3 (PC > or =80 x 10(9)/L). Group 3 was associated with lower incidence of extensive chronic GVHD (p=0.013), better 3-yr OS (p=0.0030), and lower NRM rate (p<0.0001). In multivariate analyses, the PC at day +60 was identified as an independent prognostic factor (p=0.003) together with CD34+ cell dose (p<0.001), disease risk (p=0.004), and acute GVHD (p=0.033) in terms of NRM, and the PC (p=0.047) and CD34+ cell dose (p=0.026) in terms of incidence of infectious events. Measuring the platelet count at day +60 is a simple method for predicting the risk of chronic GVHD development and prognosis after allogeneic PBSCT.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Antigens, CD34/blood ; Female ; Hematologic Diseases/blood/surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasms/blood/surgery ; *Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation ; Platelet Count ; Prognosis ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of 3T-TOF MR angiography (3T-TOF MRA) compared with transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and conventional angiography (CA) in patients with suspected cerebral infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty four patients with clinical symptoms of cerebral infarction were involved in this study, and had undergone 3T-TOF MRA and TCD, with CA in 11 patients. On the basis of divisions of the carotid artery, four groups were designated: group I, both vertebral arteries and basilar artery; group II, segment between 2 cm below bifurcation of common carotid artery and genu portion of internal carotid artery; group III, segment between petrous portion of internal carotid artery and bifurcation of anterior and middle cerebral artery; group IV, from bifurcation of anterior and middle cerebral artery to thier distal branches. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed the vascular imaging and stenosis in 3T-TOF MRA, TCD, and CA. RESULTS: A total of 432 arteries, 108 in each group, were available. The assessment of vascular imaging quality in 3T-TOF MRA is scored 2.98, 2.96, 2.91, 2.88 in 4 groups, respectively. Agreement among 3TTOF MR angiography, TCD, and CA was high. CONCLUSION: 3T-TOF MR angiography may be useful method for the assessment of stenotic lesions of cranial vasculature in patients with cerebral infarction.
Angiography* ; Arteries ; Basilar Artery ; Carotid Arteries ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial ; Vertebral Artery

BACKGROUND: It is apparent that more stem cells can be harvested by mobilization treatment with recombinant human G-CSF and/or GM-CSF from normal healthy donors in allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (allo-PBSCT) compared to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). It is also known to be more effective in inducing the graft-vs-tumor effects than allogeneic BMT because of higher T cell content. METHODS: A variety of clinical applications with allo-PBSCT was done for patients with he matological malignancies with a high risk of relapse in single transplantation center. We reported the preliminary results on trial of allo-PBSCT followed by planned prophylactic G- and/or GM-CSF primed donor lymphocyte infusion additionally reserved at harvest in hematological malignancies with a high risk of relapse and also presented the successful trial of non-myeloablative transplantation for old aged AML patient in 4th complete remission and cases with 2nd transplantation with allo-PBSCs. RESULTS: Seventeen patients with hematological malignancies with a high risk of relapse were enrolled in trial of allo-PBSCT followed by prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion. All patients received allogeneic PBSCT from HLA- matched sibling donors. Seven out of 17 patients received additional PBSCs with a median number of CD3+ cells of 5.0x107/kg (range, 3.0 to 9.9x107/kg), between day 41 and day 120. Four surviving patients (4/7) were free of disease when last assessed (median follow-up duration, 538 days), but were suffering from chronic GVHD (1 limited and 3 extensive). A 56 year old acute myeloid leukemia patient in the 4th complete remission was successfully treated with allo-PBSCT with non-myeloablative conditioning regimen. One of 2 patients who received second transplantation with allo-PBSCT has shown a long term disease free survival. CONCLUSION: A merit of allo-PBSCT would allow us to design a variety of clinical applications. Allo-PBSCT might be preferable in special clinical setting such as non-myeloablative transplantation, second transplantation, or the situation in need of the strong GVL effect. And also CSF-primed PBSCs can be used for the purpose of donor lymphocyte infusion.
Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Graft vs Tumor Effect ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Lymphocytes ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation* ; Recurrence ; Siblings ; Stem Cells ; Tissue Donors

PURPOSE: This study was done to provide information about issues of clinical competency from the perspective of new graduate nurses and to make suggestions for improving undergraduate education programmes. It was also done to clarify learning experiences between fundamentals of nursing and the other major areas of nursing. METHOD: For this study, 7 new graduates and 8 experienced nurses participated. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and analysed in terms of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULT: Core category and main categories, were delineated. Clinical nursing competency was found to be a dynamic process with each participant actively engaged in acquiring problem solving ability in diverse clinical settings. These findings have value in understanding the embedded meaning of clinical nursing competency. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the educational programs reflecting the experience of new nursing staff should be developed.
Education ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing Staff ; Nursing* ; Problem Solving

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify nurses' perceptions of the importance of concrete items as a basis for nursing practice. A total of 179 concrete items for basic nursing, which clinical nurses must know in order to practice appropriately, were identified. METHOD: The participants in this study were 225 nurses who had worked for two to five years in university hospitals. The nurses were asked to rate the importance of the 179 items (in 39 middle range categories) on a 5 point scale. RESULT: The mean age of the nurses was 26 and about 54% were university graduates. Of the 39 middle range categories those rated as the top ten were transfusion (4.682), IV injection (4.492), po medication (4.476), surgery (4.469), infection control (4.438), IM injection (4.413), safety (4.388), oxygenation (4.376), diagnostic test (4.366), and fluid & electrolyte balance (4.359). The categories that had the lowest scores were sexuality (3.449), conceptual nursing (3.465), spirituality (3.527) and personal hygiene (3.548). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that most nurses evaluate items which they use frequently in their practice as important.
Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Infection Control ; Nursing* ; Oxygen ; Sexuality ; Spirituality ; Water-Electrolyte Balance

PURPOSE: The human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is overexpressed in breast cancer. The subset of patients with breast cancer demonstrating a HER2-positive status has aggressive tumors and a poor prognosis. Knowledge of the HER2 status is prerequisite when considering a patient's eligibility for anti-HER2 targeted therapy (Herceptin(R)). There are several assays available for determining the HER2 status. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the HER2 status in breast cancer by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC), FISH and real-time PCR. METHODS: DNA samples from fresh tumor tissues of 20 patients with breast cancer were analyzed with real-time PCR, using the LightCycler-HER2/neu PCR assay. A tissue microarray, containing 20 samples obtained from formalin- fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, was used for IHC and FISH (PathyVysionTM). RESULTS: The frequencies of HER2 gene amplification for real-time PCR and FISH were 35 and 65% respectively, and the IHC frequency of overexpression was 70%. This study showed 75% concordance between IHC vs. FISH, 65% between IHC vs real-time PCR and 70% between FISH vs. real-time PCR. Considering real-time PCR as the gold standard, this study showed sensitivities and specificities of 100 and 46.2% for IHC, and of 100% and 53.8% for FISH. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated marked discordance for the HER2 stati according to the various methods used. IHC, a familiar cost-effective test, will undoubtedly remain in routine clinical practice for HER2 screening but confirmatory HER2 testing using either FISH or real-time PCR is recommended for indeterminate cases. Real-time quantitative PCR for HER2 appears to be clinically useful due to its simplicity and ability to produce rapid results.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; DNA ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Genes, erbB-2* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mass Screening ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prognosis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVE: Graft survival rate has been improved due to newly developed immunosuppressive agents, care of recipient and operative method. However, since many risk factors are still threatening the graft survival, many studies have been underway to identify such factors, one of which has been on delayed graft function(DGF). Extending the definition of DGF to oliguria within 2 months postoperative period(POP), we began this study in order to evaluate what effects oliguria within 2 months POP have on graft survival and what are the risk factors involved. METHODS: 103 patients who have had renal transplantation performed were divided into two groups (oliguric group and non-oliguric group), based on the presence or absence of oliguria within 2 months POP. Risk factors such as the recipient factors(age, gender), donor factors(age, gender), operative factors(warm ischemia time, intraoperative urine volume), HLA typing, postoperative hypotension, postoperative hypovolemia were compared between the two groups and the impact of oliguria on graft outcome was also analysed. RESULTS: 1) 14 were Oliguric patients and 89 were nonoliguric patients. 2) One-year graft survival rate was 40% in the oliguric group and 98% in the non-oliguric group(P<0.05). 3) As the result of analyzing the risk factors, non living related donor(living non-related donor and cadaver donor) were 7(50%) in the oliguric group and 16(18%) in the non-oliguric group(P<0.05). The mean intraoperative urine volume was 442m1 in the oliguric group and 774m1 in the non-oliguric group(P<0.05). The occurrence of postoperative hypotension were 5(36%) in the oliguric group and 1(1%) in the non-oliguric group(P<0.05). Other risk factors such as the recipient fractors, donor factors, warm ischemia time, HLA typing and postoperative hypovolemia were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Graft survival rate in the oliguric group was lower than in the non-oliguric group. The risk factors for oliguria were non living related donor, intraoperative urine volume lower than 500m1 and postoperative hypotension. In conclusion, renal transplantation from non living related donor needs to be proceeded with caution; the maintenance of intraoperative urine volume and the prevention of postoperative hypotension are essential for better graft outcome.
Cadaver ; Graft Survival ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Hypovolemia ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Ischemia ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Oliguria* ; Postoperative Period* ; Risk Factors ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants* ; Warm Ischemia

BACKGROUND: The use of colony stimulating factor (CSF) has increased to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells for allo-PBSCT. The most effective mobilization regimen has not yet defined. The authors analyzed the results of the mobilized PBSC collection through large volume leukapheresis from 38 normal healthy donors using three different regimens, namely, a single regimen with GM-CSF (Leucogen ), a concurrent use of GM-CSF and G-CSF (Leucostim ), and a sequential regimen with GM-CSF followed by G-CSF. METHODS: This study was done on 38 healthy donors from Sep. 1998 to Jan. 2001. One donor was mobilized with G-CSF alone, 9 with GM-CSF alone, 20 with concurrent regimen and 8 with sequential regimen. After 5 days of mobilization treatment, PBSCs were collected by large volume leukapheresis through femoral vein catheter. We compared the results of each collected progenitor cells and observed the side effects. RESULTS: The average WBC count before apheresis was 22.6+-11.0x103/uL and circulating CD34+cell percent was 1.31+-2.24%. Total 66 times with an average of 1.46+-0.61 of largevolume leukapheresis were performed for the 37 donors. The mean collected MNC count was 4.61+-2.77x108/kg, CD3+cell count was 2.95+-1.82x108/kg and CD34+cell count was 9.76+-12.42x106/kg. A significant side effect observed after large volume leukapheresis was thrombocytopenia showing decrease from 199.1+-52.2 to 80.7+-25.2x103/uL without any bleeding tendency. The mean collected MNC counts provoed to be significantly higher in combination groups with GM-and G-CSF than GM-CSF alone (P<0.05). The CD34+cell counts showed to be statistically higher in a sequential group compared to the concurrent and single regimen groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: A mobilization protocol with combination regimens of GM-CSF and G-CSF seemed to be superior to a single regimen with GM-CSF. Large volume leukapheresis through femoral vein catheter after mobilization with combination regimens of GM-and G-CSF in normal healthy donors was safe and proved to be an excellent. method to harvest stem cells.
Blood Component Removal ; Catheters ; Colony-Stimulating Factors ; Femoral Vein ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor* ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Leukapheresis* ; Stem Cells* ; Thrombocytopenia ; Tissue Donors*

BACKGROUND: Detection of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) between recipient and donor has been adopted to monitor the degree of chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). In allogeneic SCT, besides MHC-disparity, the disparity of various polymorphous proteins encoded by several genes may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, the biologic effect of VNTR disparity has been scarcely studied. METHODS: We analyzed 84 patients receiving SCT from HLA-identical sibling (n=68) or unrelated donors (n=16). Enrolled diseases included AML 48, ALL 8, CML 15, NHL 10, and high-risk MDS 3. The PCR was performed to amplify 3 VNTR regions (D1S80, D1S111, and D17S5). RESULTS: We observed strong correlation between the D1S80 disparity and transplant outcomes in terms of OS (P=0.0179) or non-relapse mortality (NRM) (P=0.0305), but not for D1S111 or D17S5 disparity. The D1S80-fully matched pair showed a better OS (72% vs 38%) and lower NRM (17% vs 50%) compared to partially matched or mismatched pairs. In multivariate analyses, D1S80-fully matched pair was found to be independent favorable prognostic factor for OS (P=0.03) or NRM (P=0.05). In addition, the D1S80 disparity was significantly associated with the myeloid engraftment speed (P=0.01) or the occurrence of gut chronic GVHD (P=0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that disparities in D1S80-located on chromosome1-seemed to be associated with increased incidence of gut chronic GVHD and NRMs, thus suggesting the existence of unknown genes of minor histocompatibility antigens targeting gut or cytokine/cytokine receptor on chromosome 1.
Chimerism ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Humans ; Incidence ; Minisatellite Repeats* ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Siblings ; Stem Cell Transplantation* ; Stem Cells* ; Tissue Donors* ; Unrelated Donors