Hepatoma is one of the frequent cancers in Korea with an extremely poor prognosis. The prognostic factors in hepatoma are presence of venous invasion, multiplicity, size, and curative resection, but all things about prognosis are not elucidated yet. DNA ploidy pattern is one of the possible prognostic factors in HCC. Moreover, the study on DNA ploidy in Korean HCC is very scarce, so we studied DNA ploidy pattern in Korean HCC patients. We used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from resected hepatoma specimens and the DNA ploidy was analysed with a flow cytometry system. Of the total 40 cases studied, 27 cases(67.5%) showed evaluable Coefficient of Variation(CV) level(less than 10). Among them 13 cases(48.1%) had an aneuploidy pattern. There were significant correlations between DNA ploidy and tumor size, presence of portal thrombi and TNM stage, although other conventional clinicopathologic prognostic factors did not show any significant correlation with DNA ploidy. In cases of tumors larger than 5 cm or presence of portal vein invasion, aneuploidy pattern was more frequently detected(p<0.05). But the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy pattern was not detected in resected hepatoma patients(p>0.1). Because of some limitation of paraffin-embedded tissue in flowcytometric analysis and heterogeneity of DNA ploidy pattern in HCC, we think that we should study multiple fresh samples in a prospective manner.
Aneuploidy ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Korea ; Ploidies* ; Population Characteristics ; Portal Vein ; Prognosis

PURPOSE: This integrative review was done to explore trends in mental health nursing research on women in terms of a research paradigm, life-cycles of the women, and mental health concepts. METHODS: n this study an examination was done of the literature on mental health of women described in nursing research published in major Korean nursing journal databases from 2000 to 2012. The Journal of Child Health Nursing was excluded. The MeSH search terms included 'nursing' and 'woman' and 282 articles were included in the final review. RESULTS: Postpositivism was the most predominantly used paradigm. Middle aged women were studied more often and older and reproductive aged women were less likely to be studied compared to their percentage of the total population. Researchers focused most on depression, followed by sleep disorders and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: The study results indicate a need for rmfjtunursing researchers to utilize various research paradigms when conducting nursing research and demonstrate paradigm utility. Researchers should also pay more attention to older and reproductive aged women, and to anxiety disorders.
Anxiety Disorders ; Child ; Child Health ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Health* ; Middle Aged ; Nursing Research ; Nursing* ; Sleep Wake Disorders

In order to develop an obesity management program for teenagers, we compared obese and non-obese girls attending high schools in terms of their dietary practices related to snack consumption. Dietary records were collected for 7 days. No significant differences were found for the average daily energy intake between obese and non-obese girls. However, the highest energy intake was greater for obese girls while not much difference was found for the lowest amount of energy intake. Obese girls had significantly lower intakes in calcium (P < 0.01), vitamin A (P < 0.001) and folate (P < 0.01). Mean energy intake from snack (594.1 +/- 312.1kcal) was significantly higher for obese girls than for non-obese girls (360.1 +/- 173.1kcal) (P < 0.001). A significant, positive correlation was observed between energy intake from snack and total daily energy intake (r = 0.34 P < 0.01) only for obese girls. In case of dietary behaviors, obese adolescent girls consumed significantly greater number of items for snacks and fewer foods for regular meals compared to non-obese girls (P < 0.05). This study suggested that obesity management programs for adolescents should focus on providing strategies to reduce snack through enhancing balanced regular meals.
Adolescent ; Calcium ; Diet Records ; Energy Intake ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Meals ; Obesity ; Snacks ; Vitamin A

BACKGROUND: Propofol is used as an induction and maintenance agent for general anesthesia but it can cause adverse reactions like hyperlipidemia, growth of microorganisms, and pulmonary embolisms. Microemulsion propofol was developed to avoid these side effects but incidence and severity of pain on injection is higher than with lipid emulsion propofol. We aimed to compare the effects of sufentanil in analgesic doses for reducing the injection pain of microemulsion propofol. METHODS: The candidates included eighty patients, 19-60 years old and ASA I-II. They were randomly classified into four groups and pretreated with normal saline, sufentanil 0.1 microg/kg, 0.2 microg/kg or 0.3 microg/kg before injection of microemulsion propofol. Five minutes after receiving pretreatment drug, 2 mg/kg of microemulsion propofol was injected and VAS was recorded. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the incidence of injection pain among the groups. Severity of injection pain was significantly lower in the sufentanil 0.3 microg/kg group than normal saline and sufentanil 0.1 microg/kg group. Significant differences in blood pressure and heart rate were observed in sufentanil groups only after endotracheal intubation. One patient each in sufentanil 0.1 microg/kg and 0.3 microg/kg group experienced mild cough, one from sufentanil 0.3 microg/kg group experienced dizziness and another showed signs of hypoxia. One patient each in normal saline and sufentanil 0.1 microg/kg group showed clinical symptoms of phlebitis in the injection area. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with sufentanil 0.3 microg/kg reduced the severity of microemulsion propofol injection pain without increasing arterial blood pressure and heart rate after endotracheal intubation.
Anesthesia, General ; Anoxia ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Cough ; Dizziness ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Incidence ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Phlebitis ; Propofol ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Sufentanil

No abstract available.
Bleomycin* ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data to propose further directions of education on rehabilitation nursing by investigating the adequacy of the educational contents of rehabilitation nursing. This study was a descriptive survey study. The data collected at 25 universities and 24 junior colleges through questionnaires to answer the research questions from August 10 to September 30, 2000. The questionnaire was consisted of 24 items. The contents of rehabilitation nursing education were developed by consulting with the rehabilitation nursing professionals. The results are as follows Rehabilitation nursing was taught as an independent class in 15 universities and 9 junior colleges. Most professors majoring in adult nursing(66.8%) were in charge of teaching the courses. For the adequacy of the teaching contents of rehabilitation nursing, conceptual bases for rehabilitation was the highest score(4.0), and interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, activities of daily living, clients of rehabilitation, nursing process in rehabilitation nursing, functional evaluation, movement and mobility, physical therapy, occupational therapy, sensation and perception, communication/language, eating and swallowing, bladder elimination, community based rehabilitation nursing, sleep, rest &, fatigue, bowel elimination., historical perspectives of rehabilitation nursing, sexuality, pulmonary rehabilitation, pain, cardiac rehabilitation, skin integrity, family care was ordered.
Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Deglutition ; Eating ; Education ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Nursing Process ; Occupational Therapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation Nursing* ; Rehabilitation* ; Sensation ; Sexuality ; Skin ; Urinary Bladder

No abstract available.
Evoked Potentials ; Humans ; Neural Conduction ; Poisoning*

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive behavioral therapy of schizophrenia has been developed as a psychological therapy for drug resistant patients with schizophrenia. However, there are some controversial issues regarding the size and mode of the therapeutic effect. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy with supportive therapy after treatment. METHODS: Patients with drug resistant schizophrenia were randomly allocated, and stratified according to two mental health institutes to two different therapy groups. We used four assessment scales to evaluate residual symptoms of patients in detail. Patients were assessed twice by a blind rater, at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: No significant differences in the change of PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) scores were observed between the cognitive behavioral therapy and supportive therapy groups at one month after treatment. There was no significant difference in change of K-PSYRATS (Korean-Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale)-Delusion score, however, a trend toward significance in K-PSYRATS - Hallucination was observed between the two groups. In the aspect of insight, a significant difference in the change of SDMD-K (The Scale to assessment Unawareness of Mental Disorder-Korean version) score was observed between the two groups after treatment. CONCLUSION: Despite remarkable development of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia, many patients still suffer from residual symptoms. Findings of this study showed that cognitive behavioral therapy can improve the insight of patients and reduce the severity of residual positive symptoms, especially hallucination. Cognitive behavioral therapy should be practiced effectively in the psychiatric clinic and community mental health system.
Academies and Institutes ; Cognitive Therapy ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Schizophrenia ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: In the past, the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was rare, but today the incidence of DCIS has become much more frequent, particularly in patients who underwent mammographic screening. The management of patients with DCIS has become a major clinical dilemma. It has become increasingly difficult to justify the routine use of mastectomy for patients with DCIS, because its natural history is uncertain and breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is currently used for the treatment of many patients with invasive breast cancer. METHODS: To investigate the incidence, clinicopathologic features and the outcome of treatment of DCIS and microinvasive carcinoma (MIC), the medical records and pathology slides of 91 patients with DCIS and MIC who had been treated at KCCH between 1983 and 1996 were reviewed retrospectively. Median follow-up period was 69.4 (4-158) months. RESULT: The results were as follewd; 1) The inciednce was 2.72% (91/3,343) and had been increasing (2.1% in 1980s and 3.3% 1990s). 2) The mean age was 44.2 years and peak age group was fifth decade. 3) The most common clinical features was a palpable mass (69%), followed by nipple discharge, MMG abnormality and Paget's disease in decreasing order of frequency. 4) According to the pathologic classification of Schwartz, comedo type was the most common (32%), followed by cribriform (23%), papillay (20%), mixed (11%), solid (9%) and micropapillary type (5%), 5) There were 58 cases (69%) of pure DCIS and 16 cases (17.5%) of MIC. In 17 case (18.5%) the presence of microinvasion was equivocal or could not be assessed. 6) There were no significant differences between DCIS and MIC in terms of mean age (44.5 years vs 43.8 years), mean tumor size (2.15 cm vs 2.25 cm), the frequency of comedo type (29% vs 36%), lymph node metastasis (0% vs 6%) and multicentricity (3.3% vs 3.0%). However, the palpable mass was more common in MIC than DCIS (82% vs 62%, p<0.05). 7) 75 patients (82%) were treated with mastectomy and 16 patients were treated with breast conserving surgery. 8) Bedsides 2 cases of systemic recurrence among MIC, there was no case of recurrence or disease-associated death during the period of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DCIS and MIC showed increasing tendency primarily due to the increasing use of screening mammography. Even though the rates of BCT has been increasing, MRM was still the most common procedure for the treatment of DCIS and MIC. The outcome of treatment, in terms of recurrence or survival, was very excellent and almost the same for both groups of pure DCIS and MIC. More long-term follow-up and multicenter study seems to be neccessary to identify the differences in clinical features and outcome between pure DCIS and MIC in Korea.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Mammography ; Mass Screening ; Mastectomy ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Medical Records ; Natural History ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nipples ; Pathology ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: Apoptosis is a physiologic or programmed cell death in contrast with necrotic cell death. Recently it has been known that apoptosis are concerned in the effects of chemotherapeutic agents or radiation therapy on tumor cells. Cyclosporine a(CsA), a potent immunosuppressant, has been effectively used in organ transplantaion, but it also has a significant toxicity in the kidneys. However the exact mechanism of CsA nephrotoxicity has not been ellucidated yet. This study was performed to investigate whether apoptosis particiates in CsA nephrotoxicity or not. METHODS: Twenty seven Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups. 1) Vehicle group(n=7) as a control: Cremopbor 50mg/kg/day/subcutaneously (sc) for 7 days, 2) CsA4 group(n=5): CsA 50mg/kg/day/sc for 4 days, 3) CsA7 group(n=5): CsA 50mg/kg/day/sc for 7 days, 4) R4 group(n=5): 4 days after CsA 50mg/kg/day/se for 7 days, and 5) R8 group(n=5): 8 days after CsA 50mg/kg/day/sc for 6 days, Biochemical parameters including blood pressure were measured in each group and the cell count of apoptosis in rat kidney was evaluated by in situ end labelling(ISEL) method. RESULTS: 1) The increase of serum creatinine, blood pressure and decrease of creatinine clearance appeared in CsA4 and CsA7 groups. 2) The ce11 counts of apoptosis on tubular cells in CsA4 and CsA7 groups were significantly increased more than in control group(79.0 +/- 16.9, 98.4 +/- 11.4 vs 35.4 +/- 8.8, p<0.05), and the cell counts of apoptosis on tubular cells in R4 and R8 groups were not significantly different from that in control group(53.8 +/- 12.5, 65.2 +/- 7.1 vs 35.4 +/- 8.8, p>0.05), 3) The cell count of apoptosis on the interstitium in each group was not significantly different from that in control group(p>0.05). 4) The cell count of apaptosis on tubular cells was increased more than that on the interstitium in all groups. 5) The cell count of apoptosis on cortex only in CsA7 group was significantly increased more than that io control group(57.8 +/- 11.5 vs 21.8 +/- 2.6, p<0.05), 6) The cell count of apoptosis on medulla only in CsA4 group was significantly increased more than that in control group(636. +/- 17.9 vs 22.6 +/- 9.7, p<0.05). 7) Total cell counts of apoptosis only in CsA4 and CsA7 groups were significantly increased more than in contral group(96.0 +/- 21.1, 99.8 +/- 11.8 vs 46.6 +/- 11.4, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: CsA caused apoptosis mainly on tubular cells rather than the interstitial cells and apoptotic cells in CsA nephrotoxicity were not increased during the recovery phase. With the results apoptosis may play an important role in CsA nephrotoxicity.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Blood Pressure ; Cell Count ; Cell Death ; Creatinine ; Cyclosporine* ; Kidney ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley