Objective To introduce transforming growth factor ?(TGF ?) and the relationship between TGF ? and graft rejection. Methods Relevent articles in recent years were reviewed.Results The immunodepressive function of TGF ? could resist transplant organ rejection injury in early postoperative period ; meanwhile TGF ? also caused fibroblast migration and promoted matrix deposition by increasing collagen production and decreasing collagen breakdown via inhibition of collagenases,which resulted in transplant organ fibrosis and arteriosclerosis, gene polymorphisms of the TGF ? were associated with it. Moreover,ischemia reperfusion injury and immunodepressive drug also affected production of TGF ?.Conclusion TGF ? as a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine contributes to the development of acute and chronic rejection.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of myasthenia gravis(MG)in children.Methods One hundred and six children with MG in Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from Apr. 2002 to Apr. 2007 were concluded in the study.The data of laboratory examinations,including virus antibody,autoantibody test,immunity function,chest X-ray or chest CT,MRI,ECG and repetitive nerve stimulation, and treatment of cholinesterase inhibitor,glucocorticoids and high-dose immunoglobulin were reviewed.Results Among 106 children,male-to-female ratio was 1 to 1.16,male 49 cases,female 57 cases.The course of disease was 3 days to 11 years.The age of onset of all 106 children with MG varied from 10 months to 14.3 years old and the mean age was (4.74?3.32) years old.The most common age of onset was less than 3 years old(55.7%).There were 41 cases newly diagnosed children and 65 cases received irregular treatment or relapsed after treatment.The ocular muscular symptoms were mostely found at the onset(84.0%);brainstem type was involved at the onset(2.8%),generalized type was involved at the onset(13.2%);58 out of 106 cases(54.7%) had upper respiratory tract infection before the onset with MG; 41 out of 52 cases with MG had abnormal immune function or auto antibody-positive,myocardial enzymes increased in 45 cases increased in varying degrees,thymoma were not found by use of sternum or CT or MRI in 69 cases,repetitive nerve stimulation of 7 out of 11 cases were abnormal; 17 cases (16.0%) of the children received single pyridostigmine treatment,10 cases (9.4%) received co-adrenal hormone and before steroid given IVIG therapy respectively were satisfied with the efficacy,and gravis symptoms were improved;61.3% of the cases had a relapse who underwent irregular treatment or relapse after treatment,before relapse 37 cases (56.9%) received single cholinesterase inhibitor treatment, 28 cases (43.1%)for co-adrenal hormone, after adrenocortical hormone and pyridostigmine treatment.The prognosis of 72 patients(67.9%) with MG was usually good; the causes of relapse resulted from infection (30 cases, 46.2%), irregular drug use (22 cases,33.8%), and drug withdrawal and infection (13 cases, 20.0%).Conclusions As early as age of onset,the disease easily repeated,to be early co-adrenal hormone therapy group is the children′s clinical features of MG.

Objective To explore the treatment protocols and the occurrence and developmental rule of subcutaneous multiple inflammation and indurations by facial injection lipolysis,and to summarize the treatment experience.Methods Six cases of subcutaneous indurations were females patients with facial injection lipolysis,and the lesions increased slowly after about one month.The local temperature raised and pinching pain appeared in the facial area.The other secondary post-traumatic swelling and scleroma areas were treated with piercing or cutting,spread to the surrounding tissues.Red scleroma became osmosis,by local open decompression,debridement,irrigation and drainage lasting almost 3 months.The area had burst out mucoid funicular materials gradually.Results The facial injection lipolysis caused regionally red swelling and scleroma gradually with 1 month of continuous irrigation drainage.The red scleroma area was limited with debridement again after maturation,closed incision after discharge mucus-shape substance by its organization.In the redness induration period,pathological results showed the homogeneous materials without structure could be seen in the fibrous tissue,with surrounding hyperemia,hemorrhage associated with inflammation.Festering burst period showed that local tissue presented suppurative inflammation,multiple abscesses and granuloma formation.Conclusions Conservative treatment can lead to swelling,bursting and developing into deep tissues.Surgical treatment can spread redness scleroma area and lead to a large area of skin depression,soft tissue scar and deformity.

Linguistics ; methods ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; standards ; Terminology as Topic ; Translations

Objective To investigate the effect of mild hypothermia on cerebral oxygen metabolism in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and reperfusion. Methods Twelve healthy SD rats weighing 170-210 g were randomly divided into normal body temperature group (group NT, n = 6) and mild hypothermia group (group MH, n = 6). Arterio-venous fistula was established by end-to-end anastomosis between the right common carotid artery and right external jugular vein according to Yassari. Mild hypothermia was induced in group MH before reperfusion and maintained for 3 h. The rectal temperature was reduced to 32 ℃ while in group NT rectal temperature was maintained at about 37 ℃ . Cerebral blood perfusion (CBP) was assessed by using a lasser Doppler perfusion image system before reperfusion (T_1), immediately after reperfusion (T_2) and 24 h after reperfusion (T_3). Venous and arterial blood samples were collected from superior sagittal sinus and femoral artery respectively for blood gas analysis at T_(1-3) . Cerebral arterial venous O_2 saturation difference (Sa-vO_2), cerebral O_2 extraction rate (CERO_2) and cerebral arterial-venous lactic acid concentration difference ( Da-vL) were calculated. Results In NT group left CBP was significantly decreased at T_2 as compared with the baseline value at T_1 , while at T_3 bilateral CBP was decreased. In MH group bilateral CBP was significantly decreased at T_2 but returned to baseline level at T_3. CERO_2 was significantly decreased at T_2 as compared with the baseline value at T_1 in MH group. Da-vL was significantly increased at T_3 in NT group. Compared with group NT, bilateral CBP was significantly decreased, CERO_ and Da-vL were significantly decreased at T_2 ,while no significant change was found in Sa-vO_2 in group MH. Conclusion Mild hypothermia is beneficial for the balance of cerebral oxygen metabolism in the rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and reperfusion.

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Europe ; Humans ; United States

Objective To explore the mechanism of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) of calcium overload in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) in hemorrhagic shock rats. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divide into four groups: control (Group C), shock start (Group S0), 2 hours post-shock (Group S2) and 4 hours post-shock (Group S4). The rat models with hemorrhage shock were produced by means of modified Wigger's method through bloodletting from femoral artery and keeping blood pressure at 40 mm Hg for 2 hours. The changes of cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration (i) and the activities of Ca 2+ - ATPase and Na +-K +- ATPase in VSMC membrane and mitochondrial membrane were monitored in rats after shock. Results Mean channel fluorescence values of VSMC i in the Groups C, SO, S2 and S4 were 2.03?0.15, 2.37? 0.32 , 2.55?0.46 and 2.80?0.43 respectively and increased in a time-dependent fashion. Mean channel fluorescence values of VSMC i in the Groups S0, S2 and S4 was significantly higher than that in the Group C ( P

In recent years,along with social economic development and population aging,more and more fracture patients have received internal fixation and artificial joint replacement.Postoperative infection related to orthopedic implants is a catastrophic complication which imposes serious psychological,physiological and economic burdens on the patients.Therefore,it is necessary to be able to make an early diagnosis of the infection.However,diagnosis of implant-related infection is always a clinical problem for orthopedists.Currently,it is thought to be a valuable way to judge orthopedic implant infection by monitoring inflammatory cytokines.This article will offer an overview on the progress in research of diagnosis values of different inflammatory cytokines in postoperative infection related to orthopedic implants.

Objectives To study application efficiencies of two types of intestinal ostomy in the treatment of elderly patients with obstructive sigmoid colon cancer and colorectal cancer.Methods 62 elderly patients with obstructive sigmoid colon cancer and rectal cancer from January 2013 to January 2016 in our hospital were chosen.The patients were divided into loop ileostomy group(n=32) and colostomy group(n=30)depending on the type of therapy.And the stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ operative time,hospital stay,postoperative fasting time and postoperative complication incidence rates were compared between the two groups.Results The postoperative fasting time was significantly shorter in loop ileostomy group than in colostomy group during stage Ⅰ surgery(2.5 ± 0.5)d vs.(4.6 ± 0.6)d(t=14.3644,P =0.0000).In stage Ⅱ surgery,the operative time,hospital stay,postoperative fasting time (2.9 ± 0.6)d vs.(4.9 ± 0.4)d,(1.4 ± 0.4)d vs.(2.5 ±± 0.3)d,(6.3± 1.4d)vs.(8.8±1.2)d were significantly lower in the loop ileostomy group than in the colostomy group(t=-15.2762、-10.9714、-7.6601,all P =0.0000).Conclusions Compared with colostomy technique,the loop ileostomy has advantages including shorter operation time,lower incidence of postoperative complications and quicker recovery after surgery for elderly patients with obstructive sigmoid colon cancer and colorectal cancer.

The disequilibrium of histone acetylation and deacetylation may cause tumor.Histone deacetylases (HDACs) maintain the equilibrium between histone acetylation and deacetylation by catalyzing the deacetylation of histone.They are related to many regulation processes containing transcription of oncogene,cell proliferation and differentiation,apoptosis and so on.HDACs inhibitors have become the hot field of researches,more than ten different HDACs inhibitors are testing for the treatment of both hematological and solid malignancies and show obvious anti-tumor activity.