No abstract available.
Achilles Tendon* ; Xanthomatosis*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin G* ; Immunoglobulins* ; Pneumonia*

The availability of combined antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the number of new HIV infections and the associated mortality, and HIV infection has become a chronic disease with longterm survival. In Korea, more than 1,000 new HIV infections have been registered annually since 2013. After peaking at 1,223 in 2019, the number of new infections decreased between 2020 and 2023. In 2023, the majority of newly HIV-infected people were men, and the proportions of young people under 40 years, homosexual contacts and foreigners increased. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths from opportunistic infections associated with immunosuppression and AIDS-defining cancers are gradually decreasing, whereas non-AIDS defining comorbidities such as non-AIDS defining cancers, cardiovascular disease and metabolic complications are emerging as major causes of death. Since the introduction of zidovudine, approximately 30 antiretroviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of HIV infection. Early and continuous antiretroviral treatment for all people living with HIV is an effective strategy for maintaining viral suppression and preventing transmission of HIV infection. In conclusion, achieving the 95–95–95 target among those living with HIV in Korea requires multifaceted efforts to improve early diagnosis, early and proper treatment of HIV infection including the management of chronic diseases, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

The availability of combined antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the number of new HIV infections and the associated mortality, and HIV infection has become a chronic disease with longterm survival. In Korea, more than 1,000 new HIV infections have been registered annually since 2013. After peaking at 1,223 in 2019, the number of new infections decreased between 2020 and 2023. In 2023, the majority of newly HIV-infected people were men, and the proportions of young people under 40 years, homosexual contacts and foreigners increased. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths from opportunistic infections associated with immunosuppression and AIDS-defining cancers are gradually decreasing, whereas non-AIDS defining comorbidities such as non-AIDS defining cancers, cardiovascular disease and metabolic complications are emerging as major causes of death. Since the introduction of zidovudine, approximately 30 antiretroviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of HIV infection. Early and continuous antiretroviral treatment for all people living with HIV is an effective strategy for maintaining viral suppression and preventing transmission of HIV infection. In conclusion, achieving the 95–95–95 target among those living with HIV in Korea requires multifaceted efforts to improve early diagnosis, early and proper treatment of HIV infection including the management of chronic diseases, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

The availability of combined antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the number of new HIV infections and the associated mortality, and HIV infection has become a chronic disease with longterm survival. In Korea, more than 1,000 new HIV infections have been registered annually since 2013. After peaking at 1,223 in 2019, the number of new infections decreased between 2020 and 2023. In 2023, the majority of newly HIV-infected people were men, and the proportions of young people under 40 years, homosexual contacts and foreigners increased. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths from opportunistic infections associated with immunosuppression and AIDS-defining cancers are gradually decreasing, whereas non-AIDS defining comorbidities such as non-AIDS defining cancers, cardiovascular disease and metabolic complications are emerging as major causes of death. Since the introduction of zidovudine, approximately 30 antiretroviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of HIV infection. Early and continuous antiretroviral treatment for all people living with HIV is an effective strategy for maintaining viral suppression and preventing transmission of HIV infection. In conclusion, achieving the 95–95–95 target among those living with HIV in Korea requires multifaceted efforts to improve early diagnosis, early and proper treatment of HIV infection including the management of chronic diseases, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

The availability of combined antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the number of new HIV infections and the associated mortality, and HIV infection has become a chronic disease with longterm survival. In Korea, more than 1,000 new HIV infections have been registered annually since 2013. After peaking at 1,223 in 2019, the number of new infections decreased between 2020 and 2023. In 2023, the majority of newly HIV-infected people were men, and the proportions of young people under 40 years, homosexual contacts and foreigners increased. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths from opportunistic infections associated with immunosuppression and AIDS-defining cancers are gradually decreasing, whereas non-AIDS defining comorbidities such as non-AIDS defining cancers, cardiovascular disease and metabolic complications are emerging as major causes of death. Since the introduction of zidovudine, approximately 30 antiretroviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of HIV infection. Early and continuous antiretroviral treatment for all people living with HIV is an effective strategy for maintaining viral suppression and preventing transmission of HIV infection. In conclusion, achieving the 95–95–95 target among those living with HIV in Korea requires multifaceted efforts to improve early diagnosis, early and proper treatment of HIV infection including the management of chronic diseases, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: The effective ventricular function during ejection and filling is likely to depend on the coordinated action of the longitudinally and circumferentially orientated myocardial fibers and the function of these longitudinal fibers has not been extensively studied. METHODS: The role of longitudinally and circumferentially orientated fibers in left ventricular wall motion was evaluated by M-mode echocardiograms of the mitral ring(whose motion reflect long axis change) and the standard minor axis(left ventricular posterior wall), simultaneous recordings of phonocardiograms and electrocardiograms on the paper (speed 100mm/sec), in 24 healty individuals, 17 patients with mitral stenosis, 11 patients with open mitral commissurotomy and 17 mitral valve replaced patients. RESULTS: In the controls long axis shortening significantly preceded minor axis shortening (phase difference between two axes : 20+/-3 msec, mean+/-SEM) during early systole, indicating left ventricle become more spherical. This phase difference was also observed in the patients with mitral stenosis and in those with open mitral commissurotomy. In patients with mitral valve replacement(MVR) whose papillary muscles had been sectioned, the onset of long axis shortening was more delayed during early systole than that of short axis(-33+/-6msec) and the end of shortening was also prolonged to early diastole more than that of normal controls (54+/-3 msec vs 90+/-8 msec, mean+/-SEM, p<0.01 by t-test). CONCLUSION: We observed the time relations between long and short axis motion in normal controls. It can be concluded that the reversed time relation in patients with MVR is one of the important factors which may effect negatively on ventricular function and long-term prognosis, thus the surgical procedures to preserve papillary annular continuity should be considered in patients with mitral valvular disease. And the controlled, prospective, clinical trials with homogenous groups of patients are needed to evaluate the potential benefits of papillary annular continuity in preserving atrio-ventricular interaction in patients undergoing mitral valvular surgery.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Diastole ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Valve Diseases* ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Mitral Valve ; Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Papillary Muscles ; Prognosis ; Systole ; Ventricular Function

PURPOSE: Medicolegal problems start when the patient asserts the mistake of doctor and doctor does not accept it. The purpose of this study is to assess the actual condition of medicolegal problems and to provide solutions of medicolegal problems in the pediatric field. METHODS: There is not official statistical data about medicolegal problems in our country. We gathered data of legal insurance program of Korean Medical Association (KMA) and court cases and other fragmentary data. RESULTS: Between 1981 and 1995, of total 2, 338 cases reported to legal problem insurance program of KMA, most common ones were 748 cases of obstetrics and gynecology. Pediatric case was ranked at the 5th, 74 cases (3.1%). According to analysis of 41 medicolegal cases' after 1990, maltreatment of patient had the highest incidence of 14 cases, injection and medication were related to 12 cases, misdiagnosis was 9 cases, patient management were related to 4 cases, and others were 2 cases. The trial result of the medicolegal cases was that 31 cases were compensated, and 8 cases were defeated, and 2 cases were still in the process. CONCLUSION: The aspect of medical legal problem has the tendency of radicalism and systematization. This brings an economic destitution in the patient and gives damage to a doctor. In order to reduce medicolegal problem, doctor should offer a duty of explanation and efforts to his best to satisfy patient and endeavor to make an intimate doctor-patient relationship.
Diagnostic Errors ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance ; Obstetrics

BACKGROUND: Paraquat is a bipyridyl compound, and when ingested, concentrated paraquat can cause either rapid death from multisystem failure and cardiovascular shock or delayed death from progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Paraquat is poorly absorbed by inhalation, but when ingested orally, severe illness can occur. Death usually occurs within 2 days if more than 50mg/kg of paraquat is ingested. The most important prognostic indicator is the quantity of paraquat absorbed, as shown by the plasma paraquat concentration. However, in Korea, there are few, if any, institutes that can measure the plasma paraquat concentration, and the prognostic indication depends mostly on the description given by the patients and their families about the amount of paraquat ingested, which is often underestimated or overestimated. For these reasons, we tried to compare the plasma paraquat concentrations with amount of paraquat described by patients or their families. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 59 patients with acute paraquat poisoning from February 1998 through February 1999. The paraquat concentrations in plasma were measured at Presbyterian Medical Center by using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: There was a striking discrepancy between the plasma paraquat concentration and the ingested amount described by the patients or their families. CONCLUSION: We recommend that the plasma paraquat concentration be measured in patients being treated for acute paraquat poisoning.
2,2'-Dipyridyl ; Academies and Institutes ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Paraquat* ; Plasma* ; Poisoning* ; Protestantism ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; Shock ; Strikes, Employee

Intermittent exotropia is the most common form of strabismus in Korea. Though monocular photophobia is considered as a typical finding in patients with intermittent exotropia, its incidence is still not precisely reported. We consecutively examined 110 patients with intermittent exotropia ages 3~28 years, and monocular photophobia was reported in 72 (65.5%)of them. In statistical study, the occurrence of photophobia has no significant relationship with sex, amount of deviation, distant stereoacuity or presence of suppression.
Depth Perception* ; Exotropia* ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Photophobia* ; Statistics as Topic ; Strabismus