The purpose of this study is to analyze the school dietitian's cognition, practical use of environment-friendly agricultural products to provide fundamental information for the qualitative improvement in the school food service. The results of the study are as follows: 1. It was clearly recognized that the subsidy for the school food service is generally insufficient, the amount of additional appropriate subsidy for the school food service was different according to type of school and roughly 300~600 won in each of foods needs to be supported. 2. The environmentfriendly agricultural products that were often used in the school food service were vegetables and grains. 3. In the analysis of cognition and problems toward using environment-friendly agricultural products, the dietitians recognized that environment-friendly agricultural products should be appropriately used. A reason that environmentfriendly agricultural products were better than general agricultural products was composed of a use of less additive, good ingredient, and good outer condition. 4. In the analysis of countermeasure on increasing environment-friendly agricultural products in the school meal service, the response to that more additional subsidy was necessary for the school food service. The highest and the most positive effects after using environment-friendly agricultural products were students' health improvement and improvement in parents' satisfaction with the school food service.
Edible Grain ; Cognition ; Food Services ; Humans ; Meals ; Vegetables

The use of the computer in medicine has been increasing rapidly. Despite this growing use of them, however, they have yet to assume a major role in assisting the physician. The purpose of this article, using dBASE ll, is to assist an anesthesiologist by rapid search of his(her) own references in preparing educational material or do research and so on. This software was written to be an efficient alternative to the conventional manual searching and to provide the following features: 1) personnel unfamiliar with computer technology could achieve satisfactory results. 2) rapid data entry of raw data with conventional keystrokes. 3) extensive data editing and manupulation capabilities. 4) entering each data typed by user was indexed alphabetically in sequence of authors' name. 5) easy search of data through the authors name, title, keyword and identifying of them in CRT displays or printer. Using a microcomputer for data processing had several advantages over a conventional manual method.: 1) less time required to retrieve information. 2) visual presentation of data was facilitated. 3) data were more readily obtainable. But the major disadvantage of a computerized system were the initial time consumed during the input of the data.
Microcomputers*

BACKGROUND: Respiratory viruses (RV) are important pathogen in both children and immunocompromised hosts. Rapid diagnosis of RV is important to manage patients and to implement infection control measures. To investigate the testing situation in Korea, we performed surveillance for the 95 medical institutions. Due to the paucity of long-term, multi-center data on RV epidemiology in Korea, we analyzed data from 5 university hospitals. METHODS: Surveillance questionnaires were sent to 95 members of the Korean Society for Clinical Microbiology. The RV data from 5 university hospitals, 2001 through 2005, were collected retrospectively and analyzed for the isolation rate of each virus. RESULTS: Among the 63 institutions, who replied, 49% performed RV testing and 84% of the testing institutes were university hospitals. A hundred percent institutes tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), whereas 81% tested for influenza virus (Flu), 74% for parainfluenza virus (PIV) and adenovirus each, 32% for rhinovirus, 23% for coronavirus, and 36% for metapneumovirus. PCR and/or culture were employed in 42% of the institutes, immunochromatography 29%, immunofluorescent assay 23%, and enzyme immunoassay 7%. Among the total 11,131 specimens received, virus was detected in 22%, ranging from 12% to 28% by hospital. The most frequently detected virus was RSV (54%) and followed by PIV (18%), Flu (15%), and adenovirus (13%). But species distributions of these viruses were quite different by hospital or by year. CONCLUSION: It is necessary for more active implementation of the RV testing because only 55% of university hospitals and 17% of general hospitals performed this test.
Academies and Institutes ; Adenoviridae ; Child ; Coronavirus ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology* ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, University* ; Humans ; Immunochromatography ; Immunocompromised Host ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Infection Control ; Korea* ; Metapneumovirus ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhinovirus ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Post-operative shivering is one of the potential complications for any surgical patient. Its incidence varies from 5% to 65%, and many preventive and treatment modalities have been reported. For the effective prevention of post-anesthetic shivering by using intravenous clonidine or meperidine, randomized controlled studies were reviewed. The overall incidence of shivering after clonidine or meperidine administration, and the anti-shivering effect of clonidine and meperidine were evaluated. METHODS: DATA SOURCES: Medline search from 1978 to March 1998. DATA SELECTION: We selected studies that had investigated the preventive anti-shivering effect of intravenous clonidine or meperidine by randomized controlled trials. Ten clinical trials were evaluated. RESULTS: The pooled odd ratio of the patients who received clonidine was 0.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.22~0.47) and it seemed to be effective. But these studies showed little evidence of significant homogeneity (P=0.01). In the subgroup analysis, the pooled odd ratio of group A (early administration or intra-operative infusion group) was 0.47 (95% CI 0.31~0.72) evidenced effectiveness but failed to prove homogeneity (P=0.047). But group B (the late intra-operative administration group) had a pooled odd ratio of 0.10 (95% CI 0.05~0.22) and showed homogeneity (P=0.98). In meperidine trials, the pooled odd ratio was 0.20 (95% CI 0.07~0.55). CONCLUSION: We present quantitative evidence based on a meta-analysis of pooled effect size from randomized trials that clonidine is more beneficial for the prevention of post-anesthetic shivering and more effective than meperidine when it is administrated during later period of surgery.
Clonidine* ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Humans ; Incidence ; Meperidine* ; Shivering*

A 24 years old female patient presented for surgical resection of a large chemodectoma with extensive involvement of the bifurcation of the left common carotid artery. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with 0.75~1.25% halothane with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Arterial blood pressure and carbon dioxide tension were maintained at preoperative levels with a direct arterial pressure monitoring device and an ABM end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring device. Thiopental was infused continuously by a microinfusion pump(2mg/kg/hr) during the procedure and an intraluminal shunt was inserted in the left internal carotid artery to protect the brain form hypoxic attack. Body temperature was monitored and electrocardiography and electroencephalography were also applied. No significant changes in vital signs and electroencephalgraphy during anesthesia were noted with the exception of a temporary decreas in blood pressure due to bleeding from the accidental perforation of the left internal carotid artery. The patient responded soon after the withdrawal of anesthesia and she was discharged from hospital with an uneventful recovery on the seventh postoperative day. A reduction in cerebral blood flow without a concomitant reduction in cerebral metabolic rate during carotid arterial procedures may result in significant neurologic derangements. Therefore, the major role of the anesthesiologist is the maintenance of adequate oxygen delivery to the brain and the reduction of cerebral metabolic demands.
Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Body Temperature ; Brain ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carotid Arteries* ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Electrocardiography ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Halothane ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal ; Thiopental ; Vital Signs ; Young Adult

Yersinia enterocolitica is an important pathogen that causes a spectrum of clinical illnesses from simple gastroenteritis to invasive ileitis and colitis. Also it is important to differentiate endoscopic findings involving terminal ileum between inflammatory bowel diseases and infectious colitis. There were few reports about Y. enterocolitica infection confirmed by culture and serology in Korea. We report the first case, in Korea, of terminal ileitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis by Y. enterocolitica confirmed by colonoscopy, biopsy, tissue cultures, and serology in a 42-year-old woman complained vague abdominal discomfort and loose stool.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Colitis ; Colonoscopy* ; Crohn Disease ; Enterocolitis* ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Ileitis ; Ileum ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Korea ; Mesenteric Lymphadenitis* ; Yersinia enterocolitica* ; Yersinia*

A 61-year-old woman who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) five years previously referred for a cervical retrotracheal mass. The mass had intense fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), and was thus thought to be malignant. Transcutaneous ultrasonography with fine needle aspiration (FNA) was not feasible, so we tried endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) with transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) to obtain a cytology specimen. After surgery, the mass was confirmed to be a metastatic lymph node from the previous PTC, confirming the TBNA results. Although the utility of EBUS-TBNA for evaluating mediastinal metastasis has been reported in a number of studies, few reports have addressed its utility in the cervical region. Here we report this unusual case of metastatic lymph node of PTC that recurred in the cervical retrotracheal area. It was found to exhibit esophageal muscular invasion, and was accurately diagnosed on EBUS-TBNA.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Electrons ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Middle Aged ; Needles* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Thyroidectomy ; Ultrasonography*

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects on the cell cycle and p53 expression by the treatment of various concentrations of staurosporine to elucidate the molecular mechanism of staurosporine induced cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cell line. METHODS: Various concentrations of staurosporine were treated in MCF-7 cells cultured with RPMI 1640 media. The harvested cells were fixed and permeabilized with 1% paraformaldehyde and absolute methanol. Then the cells were stained indirectly with anti-p53 primary antibody and FITC conjugated goat anti-mouse(GAM)-IgG secondary antibody. Sequentially DNA were stained with 0.1% RNase and PI solution. These stained cells were analyzed by the standard FACScan flow cytometer. The obtained results were analyzed further with WinList 3.0, and ModiFit LT software program. RESULTS: MCF-7 cells were arrested mostly in G1 phase of cell cycle at 5-10 nM of staurosporine, however, the cells were arrested in G2 phase at 20-100 nM of staurosporine. The expressions of p53 protein were higher in the MCF-7 cells treated with both concentrations of 10 nM and 100 nM of staurosporine compaired with the control cells. This suggests that the p53 may be involved in the mechanism of G1 and G2M arrest of cell cycle in MCF-7 cell. CONCLUSIONS: The points of arrest in cell cycle differred depending on the concentrations of staurosporine and these cell cycle arrests at G0G1 and G2M pahse were related with p53 protein expression. It suggested that these results could be extended to study for staurosporine to be usefull as a potential anti-tumor agent.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Cycle* ; DNA ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; G1 Phase ; G2 Phase ; Goats ; MCF-7 Cells* ; Methanol ; Ribonucleases ; Staurosporine*

BACKGROUND: Clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of eradication therapy failure. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and type of mutations in the 23S rRNA gene in Korea, which are associated with clarithromycin resistance. METHODS: From January 2008 to March 2008, 353 gastric biopsy specimens were collected from five university hospitals in Seoul and Kyunggido. H. pylori infection was defined as showing a positive result in at least one of the following three tests: a microaerophilic culture, a CLO test, and a Giemsa/silver stain. The frequencies of A2143G, A2142G, and the wild type of 23S rRNA and the presence of H. pylori were determined by Seeplex ClaR-H. pylori PCR (Seegene Inc., Seoul, Korea). Twenty-nine culture isolates were tested for susceptibility to clarithromycin by E-test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) or the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) disk diffusion test. RESULTS: From 176 H. pylori PCR-positive specimens, 23S rRNA gene mutations were detected in 38 isolates (21.6%), including 27 isolates of A2143G and 11 isolates of A2142G. Total mutation rates varied from 15.8% to 31.3% with the frequency of A2143G mutation alone varying from 8.5% to 25.0% among the five hospitals studied. There were 10 clarithromycin-resistant isolates found by susceptibility test and they were all positive for A2143G mutation. But, 3 of the 19 susceptible isolates were also positive for either A2143G or A2142G mutation. CONCLUSION: In Korea, the overall frequency of clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori was 21.6%; however, the type and frequency of the 23S rRNA mutations varied from hospital to hospital.
Biopsy ; Clarithromycin ; Diffusion ; Genes, rRNA ; Helicobacter ; Helicobacter pylori ; Hospitals, University ; Korea ; Mutation Rate ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) is known as the best specimen for accurate diagnosis of viral respiratory infections in pediatric patients, but the procedure is very annoying. Recently introduced flocked swabs have been reported to be easy to obtain a good quality specimen and comfortable to patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivities between NPA and nasopharyngeal flocked swabs (NPFS) for detection of respiratory viruses in children. METHODS: For this study, 111 hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections were recruited. NPA and NPFS were performed in parallel from each patient. NPFS were always collected after NPA. Specimens were tested for six common respiratory viruses in triplicate using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), viral cultures, and multiplex reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The proportion of specimens inadequate for IIF was higher in NPA (23.4%) than NPFS (5.4%). According to the consensus positive, the positive rates of NPFS were higher than those of NPA when using IIF (45.7% and 30.6%, P=0.048) and culture (38.7% and 27.9%, P=0.004). However, the false-positive rates of NPFS were higher than those of NPA when using IIF (12.4% and 1.2%, P=0.004). The positive rates of NPFS and those of NPA were not different in multiplex RT-PCR (67.6% and 55.9%, P=0.055). CONCLUSION: The higher sensitivity of IIF for NPFS specimens and of culture for respiratory viruses and the similar sensitivities in multiplex PCR could make them an alternative to NPA samples, especially in physician clinics or emergency rooms.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Consensus ; Diagnosis ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Humans ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Nasopharynx ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Reverse Transcription ; Specimen Handling