This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaf powder on soybean milk quality. Soybean milk was prepared with the addition of 0.1 g (SP1), 0.2 g (SP2), 0.3 g (SP3), 0.4 g (SP4) of stevia leaf powder. The pH of soybean milk added with stevia leaf powders ranged from 7.90 to 7.98, whereas that of control was 7.88. The viscosity of soybean milk added with stevia leaf powder was 11.13~12.71 cp while that of control was 11.09 cp. Soymilk added with stevia leaf powder yielded values of Hunter L (59.40~64.94), a (-7.63~-6.45), and b (18.71~19.63), whereas that of control were 67.45, -4.74 and 20.13, respectively. There was decrease upon addition of stevia leaf powder. During storage, the pH, viscosity, L, and b values were decreased continuously. According to sensory evaluation, taste, and flavor of SP3 were better than the other groups. Quality characteristics between control and SP3 showed no significant differences. Therefore, this study showed the possibility of substituting 0.3 g of stevia leaf powder instead of sugar for creating a standard quality soybean milk with low calories. Upon the results of this study, it may be assumed that there are consequences positive responses to health-oriented consumers when using stevia leaf powder.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Milk* ; Powders ; Soybeans* ; Stevia* ; Viscosity

PURPOSE: In this study effects of a paternal participation program during cesarean section on paternal infant attachment were investigate. The experimental treatment was an integrative nursing intervention to promote father to infant attachment. METHODS: Study design was a non-equivalent control group posttest design. The program consisted of emotional support to spouse and father towards infant attachment immediately following cesarean birth. Participants were 66 men, partners of women with normal full term pregnancy having a cesarean section with spinal or epidural anesthesia, (experimental group, 34; control group, 32). The experiment was carried out from August 1 to October 30, 2010. Control group data were obtained from May 1 to June 30, 2012. Posttest was performed 72 hours after cesarean birth. A self-report questionnaire including a paternal attachment instrument was used. Data were analyzed using t-test, propensity score matching, and analysis of covariance with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: Total score for paternal infant attachment in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (p<.001). After matching, significant differences were found between the two groups through all subcategories. Adjusted mean score for paternal infant attachment verified experimental effects. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that this paternal participation program during cesarean section is effective in improving paternal infant attachment.
Anesthesia, Epidural ; Cesarean Section ; Fathers ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Propensity Score ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Spouses

No abstract available.
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome*

No abstract available.
Dwarfism*

The writers have conducted the investigation to assess the nutritional status of young rural Korean children aged form 0 to 4 years old in August 1971. The survey areas were Kaejong-myon, Daeya-myon, Okku-gun, Jeonra-bukdo, Korea. These survey areas were typical agriculture plain areas. The total numbers of children examined were 2,706 comprising 1,394 male and 1,312 female. the weight, height, and chest circumference of children were measured and means and standard deviations were calculated for each measurement. In addition, the nutritional status of each child was classified by the four levels of malnutrition and the Gomez classification. The examination of red blood cell count, haematocrit value, and intestinal parasite infection were carried out at the same time. In general, recent work tend to suggest that environment influences, especially nutrition, are of great importance than genetic background or other biological factors for physical growth and development. Certainly the physical dimensions of the body are much influenced by nutrition, particularly in the rapidly growing period of early childhood. Selected body measurements can therefore give valuable information concerning protein-calory malnutrition. Growth can also be affected by bacterial, viral, and parasite infection. For the field workers in a developing country, therefore, nutritional anthropometry appears to be of greatest value in the assessment of growth failure and undernutrition, principally from lack of protein and calories. In order to compare and evaluate the data obtained, the optimal data of growth from the offspring of the true well-fed, medically and socially protected are needed, So-called "Standards" that have been compiled for preschool children in Korea, However, are based on measurement of children from middle or lower socio-economic groups, sho are in fact, usually undernourished from six months of age onwards and continuously exposed to a succession of infective and parasitic diseases. So that, the Harvard Standards which os one of the international reference standards was used as the reference standards in this study. Findings of the survey were as follows: A. Anthropometric data: 1) Comparing the mean values for body weight obtained with the Korean standard weight of the same age, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier than the Korean standard values in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children values, the rural Koran children were slightly haevier in male and in the infant period of female but lighter in female of the period of 1 to 4 years old than Japanese children. 2) Comparing the mean values for height obtained with the Korean standard height of the same age, the rural Korean children were taller than the Korean standard values except the second half of infant period in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children, the rural Korean children were slightly smaller than Japanese children except the first half of infant period in both sexes. 3)Mean values of chest circumference of rural Korean children obtained were less than the Korean standard values of the same ages in birth sexes. B. Prevalence of Protein-Calory Malnutrition: Children examined were divided into two groups, i. e. , infant (up to the first birthday) and toddler (1 to $ years old). 1) Percentage of four levels of malnutrition: a) when the nutritional status of each child was classified (1) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 52.8%(infant 83.3%, toddler 44.4%) and 39.7%(infant 74.5%, toddler 30.5%), the first level of malnutrition were 31.9% (infant 13.7%,toddler 36.9%) and 31.7%(infant 15.3%, toddler 36.0%), the second level of malnutrition were 12.3%(infant 1.7%, toddler 15.3%) and 23.3% (infant 7.7%, toddler 27.5%), the third level of malnutrition were 2.7%(infant 0.7%, toddler 3.2%) and 4.6%(infant 1.8%, toddler 5.3%) the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.3% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.7%(0.7% for infant and toddler) respectively. (2)by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.3%(infant 97.3%, toddler 75.6%) and 75.1%(infant 96.4%, toddler 69.5%), the first levels of malnutrition were 17.9%(infant 2.0%, toddler 22.3%) and 23.6%(infant 3.6%, toddler 28.8%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.2%(infant 0.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 1.1%(infant 0%, toddler 1.4%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.4%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.2%(infant 0%, toddler 0.3%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 0% respectively. (3) By body weight in relation to height, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 87.9%(infant 77.6%, toddler 87.9%) and 78.2%(infant 77.4%, toddler 78.2%), the first level if malnutrition were 12.2%(infant 18.4%, toddler 10.6%) and 18.2%(infant 17.9%, toddler 18.3%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.9%(infant 3.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 3.0%(infant 3.3%, toddler 2.9%), the third level of malnutrition of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0%)and 0.3%(infant 1.5%, toddler 0%) respectively. b) When the nutritional status of each child according to the mother's aged mother (31 to 40 years old) and old aged mother (41 years of above) was classified. (1) By body weight, among infants and toddlers, at each year of age, with increasing the mother's age, there was an increase in percentage of subjects underweight. This tendency of increasing percentage f underweight was more significant in the infant period than the toddler period. (2) By height value, no significant differences between each mother's age group were found. c) When the nutritional status of each child according to the birth rank, i. e. , lower birth rank(first to third) an higher birth rank(fourth of above) was classified. (1) By weight value, children of higher birth rank were slightly more often underweight than those of lower birth rank, but not significant. (2) By height value, no differences were found between children of lower and higher birth rank. 2) Gomez Classification: When the nutritional status of each child was classified a) By body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children, attained standard growth were 53.1%(infant 82.6%, toddler 44.9%) and 39.2%(infant 73.4%, toddler 30.1%), the first degree of malnutrition were 39.4%(infant 14.7%, toddler 46.2%) and 47.1%(infant 21.9%, toddler 53.8%), the second degree of malnutrition were 7.3%(infant 2.3%, toddler 8.6%) and 12.9%(infant 4.0%, toddler 15.2%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.2%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.8%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0.9%) respectively. b)By body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children, attained standard growth were 80.8%(infant 97.0%, toddler 76.3%) and 73.8%(infant 95.6%, toddler 68.0%), the first degree of malnutrition were 18.5%(infant 2.7%, toddler 22.9%) and 24.6%(infant 4.4%, toddler 30.0%), the second degree of malnutrition were 0.6%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.7%) and 0.5%(infant 0.1%, toddler 0.7%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 1.1%(infant 0%, toddler 1.3%) respectively. C. Results of clinical laboratory examination: 1) Red blood cells: The range of mean red blood counts for male and female were 3,538,000/m3 to 4,483,000/m3 respectively. The lowest red cell counts were seen at the age of 0-3 months for male and 1-2 months for female. 2) Haematocrit value: The ranges of haematocrit value of male and female were 35.1% to 38.8% and 34.7% to 38.8% respectively. The lowest haematocrit values were seen at the age of 2-3 months for male and 1-2months for female. 3)The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for male and female children with Ascaris lumbricoides were 34.1%(infant 18.8%, toddler 38.1%) and 36.0%(infant 18.4%, toddler 40.7%), with Trichocephalus trichiuris were 6.8%(infant 2.9%, toddler 7.9%) and 9.0%(infant 3.0%, toddler 10.6%), with Hookworm were 0.3%(infant 0.5%, toddler 0.2%)and 0.3%(infant 0.5%, toddler 0.3%), with Clonorchis sinensis were 0.4%(infant 0%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%)respectively.
Agriculture ; Ancylostomatoidea ; Anthropometry ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biological Factors ; Body Weight ; Cell Count ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Classification ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Developing Countries ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Growth and Development ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea* ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Mothers ; Nutritional Status* ; Parasites ; Parasitic Diseases ; Parturition ; Prevalence ; Thinness ; Thorax ; Trichuris

Amyloidosis is not a single disease entity but a term applied to a complex of disorders associated with deposition of insoluble fibrillar proteins in virtually pure form in various tissues of the body. This disease is encountered sometimes in America or Europe, but rarely in Korea. We had experienced one case of primary cardiac amyloidosis who was admitted to Won Kwang University Hospital due to dyspnea on exertion. This cardiac amyloidosis was confirmed by echocardiogram and endomyocardial biopsy with congo-red stain. We will report a case and review the pertinent medical literature.
Americas ; Amyloidosis* ; Biopsy ; Cardiomyopathies ; Dyspnea ; Europe ; Korea

Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate causing generalized depression of neuronal activity in the brain. Its effect is primarily achieved through enhanced GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition. Its use as an antiepileptic agent was first described in 1912. Before the introduction of phenytoin, phenobarbital is used as sedative-hypnotics. It is used for the treatment of epilepsy and status epilepticus. All barbiturates, including phenobarbital, have a high potential far abuse. They were frequently used for suicide attempts in the past, but they have in large part been replaced by benzodiazepines. the onset of symptoms depends on the drug and the route of administration. Mild to moderate barbiturate intoxication resembles ethanol inebriation with slurred speech, ataxia, and lethargy. Severe acute barbiturate intoxication is life threatening. Early deaths are generally cardiovascular-related. Hypotension, shock, pulmonary edema, and cardiac arrest that occurs with large doses are caused by depression of central sympathetic tone and as well as by direct depression of cardiac contractility. The potentially fatal oral dose of phenobarbital is 6-l0g. We describe an 23-year-old woman with pulmonary edema and cardiac arrest after ingestion of 18 grams of phenobarbital. She was completely recovered by successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation and hemoperfusion. We report a case with literature review.
Ataxia ; Barbiturates ; Benzodiazepines ; Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Depression ; Eating ; Epilepsy ; Ethanol ; Female ; Heart Arrest* ; Hemoperfusion ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Lethargy ; Neurons ; Phenobarbital* ; Phenytoin ; Pulmonary Edema* ; Shock ; Status Epilepticus ; Suicide ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Bacterial contamination of platelets represents the highest infectious risk for a transfusion. In this study, we evaluated 2 culture-based systems that have been approved by the US FDA for bacterial screening. METHODS: Platelet concentrates were inoculated with 5 bacterial species to give a final concentration of 10(0), 10(1) and 10(2) CFU/mL. Samples for culture were taken immediately after inoculation (0 hr sample) and after 24 hrs (24 hr sample). For the BacT/ALERT 3D system, a 10 mL sample was inoculated into an aerobic culture bottle and incubated for 7 days. For the Pall eBDS system, 3 mL samples were taken from the 0 hr and 24 hr samples, respectively. The samples were incubated for 24 hrs and 30 hrs. RESULTS: Both systems detected all inoculated units both in the 0 hr and 24 hr samples, except for units inoculated with K. pneumoniae. Eleven units out of 30 units inoculated with K. pneumoniae were detected by the BacT/ALERT 3D system in the 24 hr samples. The Pall eBDS system detected 8 of 30 units in the 24 hr samples. CONCLUSION: Implementation of either system will decrease the risk of transfusing bacterially contaminated platelets. However, testing for bacterial contamination will not completely prevent septic transfusion reactions; pathogen inactivation that is now available should also be considered as an alternative method to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.
Benzeneacetamides ; Blood Platelets ; Piperidones ; Pneumonia

PURPOSE: To compare changes in human central corneal thickness after instillation of proparacaine with those after oxybuprocaine instillation, over a period of 10 minutes. METHODS: Eighteen healthy young participants were recruited. Baseline central corneal thicknesses were measured every 30 seconds for 10 minutes using a noncontact specular microscope. Changes in central corneal thickness were measured every 20 seconds for 10 minutes after the administration of one drop of 0.5% proparacaine into the right eye, and one drop of 0.4% oxybuprocaine into the left eye. RESULTS: Mean baseline central corneal thickness was 531 +/- 45 micrometer in the right eye and 531 +/- 42 micrometer in the left. The central corneal thickness after proparacaine instillation increased to 8.6 micrometer (4.5-12.6 micrometer, 95% CI) and then returned to baseline within 80 seconds. Central corneal thickness after oxybuprocaine instillation increased to 7.7 micrometer (3.6-11.2 micrometer, 95% CI) and then returned to baseline within 80 seconds. There was a second transient increase about 5 minute after proparacaine instillation but no additional transient increase after oxybuprocaine instillation. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of oxybuprocaine's effect on central corneal thickness is similar to that of proparacaine. Central corneal thickness instability may occur for 5 minutes after proparacaine administration. Therefore, changes in central corneal thickness after topical anesthetics instillation should be considered when measuring central corneal thickness.
Anesthetics* ; Humans

Background: Although cardiovascular outcome trials using sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) showed a reduction in risk of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), they did not demonstrate beneficial effects on stroke risk. Additionally, meta-analysis showed SGLT-2i potentially had an adverse effect on stroke risk. Contrarily, pioglitazone, a type of thiazolidinedione (TZD), has been shown to reduce recurrent stroke risk. Thus, we aimed to compare the effect of SGLT-2i and TZD on the risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods: Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service data, we compared a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort of patients who used SGLT-2i or TZD from January 2014 to December 2018. The primary outcome was stroke. The secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular death, 3-point MACE, and heart failure (HF). Results: After propensity-matching, each group included 56,794 patients. Baseline characteristics were well balanced. During the follow-up, 862 patients were newly hospitalized for stroke. The incidence rate of stroke was 4.11 and 4.22 per 1,000 person-years for the TZD and SGLT-2i groups respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) of stroke was 1.054 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.904 to 1.229) in the SGLT-2i group compared to the TZD group. There was no difference in the risk of MI, cardiovascular death, 3-point MACE between groups. Hospitalization for HF was significantly decreased in SGLT-2i-treated patients (HR, 0.645; 95% CI, 0.466 to 0.893). Results were consistent regardless of prior cardiovascular disease. Conclusion In this real-world data, the risk of stroke was comparable in T2DM patients treated with SGLT-2i or TZD.