PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors associated with the recurrence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) after surgery for ERM METHODS: We reviewed patients' medical records who received vitrectomy for ERM. The preoperative findings, best postoperative and final visual acuity, and intraoperative findings of eyes with recurred ERM were compared with those of eyes without recurrence after removal of ERM. RESULTS: Recurrence of ERM was high in eyes with ERM associated with chronic uveitis, compared with the eyes with idiopathic ERM (p=0.030, Cox regression analysis). Neither the type of membrane nor incomplete membrane removal during pars plana vitrectomy was correlated with the recurrence of ERM. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the recurrence of ERM after surgical removal being high in eyes with chronic uveitis, close follow up is recommended in these patients.
Epiretinal Membrane* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Recurrence* ; Uveitis ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

Purpose: Preterm infants are known to be at a risk of neurodevelopmental delay; however, limited data are available on the outcomes of moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants (born at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestation). The Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) for infants and children is a recently designed screening test for Korean infants and children. The current study aimed to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcomes of MLPT infants and investigate the risk factors associated with neurodevelopmental delay. Methods: A total of 119 MLPT infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary hospital in Korea were enrolled. The infants were assessed during two follow-up periods (first: 16 to 24 months of corrected age; second: 24 to 41 months of corrected age). The perinatal factors in the NICU that were associated with delayed development were analyzed. Results: In all sections of the K-DST, the proportion of infants with developmental delay was higher in the second period (5.6% to 9.3%) than in the first period (0.9% to 5.4%). A total of 10% to 17% of the infants presented with persistent delay throughout the two periods based on five sections of the K-DST. Male sex, oxygen therapy duration, and younger maternal age were the risk factors affecting at least one section during the second period. Conclusion MLPT infants showed greater developmental delay than the general infant population. Considering that early intervention is important for good longterm outcomes, close observation of male MLPT infants and MLPT infants who received oxygen therapy is warranted.

Purpose: Preterm infants are known to be at a risk of neurodevelopmental delay; however, limited data are available on the outcomes of moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants (born at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestation). The Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) for infants and children is a recently designed screening test for Korean infants and children. The current study aimed to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcomes of MLPT infants and investigate the risk factors associated with neurodevelopmental delay. Methods: A total of 119 MLPT infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary hospital in Korea were enrolled. The infants were assessed during two follow-up periods (first: 16 to 24 months of corrected age; second: 24 to 41 months of corrected age). The perinatal factors in the NICU that were associated with delayed development were analyzed. Results: In all sections of the K-DST, the proportion of infants with developmental delay was higher in the second period (5.6% to 9.3%) than in the first period (0.9% to 5.4%). A total of 10% to 17% of the infants presented with persistent delay throughout the two periods based on five sections of the K-DST. Male sex, oxygen therapy duration, and younger maternal age were the risk factors affecting at least one section during the second period. Conclusion MLPT infants showed greater developmental delay than the general infant population. Considering that early intervention is important for good longterm outcomes, close observation of male MLPT infants and MLPT infants who received oxygen therapy is warranted.

The original version of the article contained a mistake. The authors have attached a corrected version of Table 3.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased in frequency to rates as high as 20% for children in developed countries. AD is one of the most common childhood diseases and has a complex etiology involving genetic and environmental factors. Thus, a broad understanding of genetic background is needed for early diagnosis of AD. OBJECTIVE: Identification of candidate functional genetic variants associated with early-onset AD in Koreans. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in three families. Sanger sequencing was used to validate detected variants in 112 AD patients and 61 controls. RESULTS: Functional variants were filtered by WES, and then variants related to allergic immune diseases were selected through a literature search. Two candidate non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CDKAL1 (rs77152992) and ERBB2 (rs1058808) were identified, c.1226C>T, p.Pro409Leu, c.3463C>G, and p. Pro1170Ala respectively. A case-control study was performed to determine whether rs77152992 and rs1058808 are candidate risk factors for early-onset AD. rs77152992 was significantly associated with early-onset AD (odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21~0.83; p=0.0133) in allele frequencies. The CC genotype of CDKAL1 had significantly increased risk of AD (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.0~4.6; p=0.0475). rs1058808 had no correlation with AD. Total eosinophil count was significantly increased in AD patients with the CC genotype of CDKAL1 (rs77152992). CONCLUSION: CDKAL1 (rs77152992) and ERBB2 (rs1058808) were deemed functionally interesting based on WES. Our case-control study suggests that the CC genotype of rs77152992 may be associated with increased eosinophil counts. It may enhance the risk of early-onset AD.
Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Developed Countries ; Early Diagnosis ; Eosinophils ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Background ; Genotype ; Humans ; Immune System Diseases ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the attitude of nurses toward transsexuals. METHOD: The Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Twenty-nine nurses classified the 50 selected Q-statements into a normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using the Quanl PC program. RESULT: Four types of attitudes toward transsexuals were identified. The first type (humanitarian acceptance) showed an attitude of respecting transsexuals as human beings and understanding and accepting their desires and difficulties. The second type (superficial understanding) understood the psychological conflicts and suffering of transsexuals but could not accept them as members of families or society. The third type (insufficient understanding) did not feel a sense of rejection toward transsexuals but showed a lack of understanding of their desires and difficulties. The fourth type (rejection) failed to understand the desires and difficulties of transsexuals and showed a sense of rejection toward them, in addition to regarding them as sexually immoral people. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches of educational programs based on the four types of attitudes toward transsexuals are recommended.
Adult ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Models, Educational ; Nursing Staff/*psychology ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires ; *Transsexualism

We aimed to investigate the significance of microalbuminuria and its relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic patients, by using coronary artery computed tomography (CT). A total of 1,318 nonhypertensive and nondiabetic subjects who had taken coronary artery CT and measured spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) were evaluated. The atherosclerotic changes of coronary arteries were greater in subjects with microalbuminuria, reflected by coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and significant coronary artery stenosis (CACS > or = 100 in 15.3% vs 7.6% and stenosis > or = 50% in 11.5% vs 4.9% of patients with vs without microalbuminuria, P = 0.008 and P = 0.011, respectively). Among various parameters that are known as a risk factor or possible biomarkers of coronary artery disease, presence of microalbuminuria, age and Framingham risk score were significantly related to coronary artery stenosis. Among them the presence of microalbuminuria showed stronger correlation than others to the coronary artery stenosis detected by CT, even after adjusting confounding factors (OR 3.397, 95% confidence interval 1.138 to 10.140, P = 0.028). The presence of microalbuminuria by UACR was significantly associated with presence of coronary artery stenosis > or = 50% in asymptomatic, nonhypertensive and nondiabetic general population. Our study suggests that the presence of microalbuminuria may imply subclinical coronary artery disease, even in asymptomatic population.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Albuminuria/*complications ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium/analysis ; Coronary Artery Disease/complications/*radiography ; Coronary Stenosis/complications ; Coronary Vessels/chemistry ; Creatinine/urine ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Metabolic acidosis is a cause of renal disease progression, and alkali therapy ameliorates its progression. However, there are few reports on the role of renal acid-base transporters during alkali therapy. We evaluated the effect of sodium bicarbonate therapy and the role of acid-base transporters on renal disease progression in rats with a remnant kidney. Sprague-Dawley rats consumed dietary sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or sodium chloride (NaCl) with 20% casein after a 5/6 nephrectomy. After being provided with a casein diet, the NaHCO3-treated group had higher levels of serum bicarbonate than the control group. At week 4, the glomerular filtration rate in the NaHCO3 group was higher than that in the NaCl group, and the difference became prominent at week 10. The glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage indices in the NaHCO3 group were less severe compared with controls at week 4 and 10. The expression of the Na/H exchanger (NHE) was decreased, and apical reactivity was decreased in the NaHCO3 group, compared with the NaCl group. Endothelin-1 levels in the kidney were also decreased in the NaHCO3 group. Dietary sodium bicarbonate has the effects of ameliorating renal disease progression, which may be related to the altered expression of NHE in the remaining kidney.
Acidosis/*drug therapy ; Alkalies/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Caseins/administration & dosage ; Disease Progression ; Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/drug therapy ; Kidney/injuries ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Nephritis, Interstitial/drug therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renal Insufficiency/*drug therapy ; Sodium Bicarbonate/*therapeutic use ; Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage ; Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter/*antagonists & inhibitors

Gitelman's syndrome (GS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC12A3 and characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria, and hypomagnesemia. Long-term prognosis and the role of gene diagnosis in GS are still unclear. To investigate genotype-phenotype correlation in GS and Gitelman-like syndrome, we enrolled 34 patients who showed hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis without secondary causes. Mutation analysis of SLC12A3 and CLCNKB was performed. Thirty-one patients had mutations in SLC12A3, 5 patients in CLCNKB, and 2 patients in both genes. There was no significant difference between male and female in clinical manifestations at the time of presentation, except for early onset of symptoms in males and more profound hypokalemia in females. We identified 10 novel mutations in SLC12A3 and 4 in CLCNKB. Compared with those with CLCNKB mutations, patients with SLC12A3 mutations were characterized by more consistent hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia. Patients with 2 mutant SLC12A3 alleles, compared with those with 1 mutant allele, did not have more severe clinical and laboratory findings except for lower plasma magnesium concentrations. Male and female patients did not differ in their requirement for electrolyte replacements. Two patients with concomitant SLC12A3 and CLCNKB mutations had early-onset severe symptoms and showed different response to treatment. Hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia are useful markers in differentiation of GS and classical Bartter's syndrome. Gender, genotypes or the number of SLC12A3 mutant alleles cannot predict the severity of disease or response to treatment.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Alleles ; Bartter Syndrome/genetics/pathology ; Chloride Channels/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genotype ; Gitelman Syndrome/*genetics/pathology ; Humans ; Hypokalemia/etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3/genetics ; Young Adult

Purpose: This study used anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography (AS SS-OCT) to explore the effect of temporal decentration within the orthokeratologic lens treatment zone on corneal aberrations. Methods: After lens placement, AS SS-OCT was used to evaluate anterior, posterior, and total corneal astigmatism and the magnitudes of the individual 1st- to 4th-order aberrations of the anterior and entire corneal fields. Also, the 4th-to 7th-order root mean square (RMS), and the low- and high-ordered RMSs of both the anterior and entire corneal areas were recorded. We compared subjects lacking (the no decentration [ND] group) to those exhibiting (the temporal decentration [TD] group) temporal decentration. Results: In all, 61 eyes of 32 patients (44 eyes in the ND group and 17 in the TD group) were included. In the TD group, the average temporal decentration was 0.74 ± 0.15 mm. The baseline axial length, spherical equivalent, anterior mean corneal power, and anterior corneal astigmatism did no difference between the two groups. However, the TD group exhibited more anterior and total corneal horizontal tilts, and horizontal coma, than the ND group. That group also had less with-the-rule (WTR)/against-therule (ATR) astigmatism, elevated anterior and total corneal 5th-order RMS values, and greater low- and high-ordered RMS levels. However, despite these differences, the extent of myopia correction did not significantly differ between the groups. Conclusions Although myopia reduction was not significantly compromised by temporal decentration of an orthokeratologic lens, the anterior and total corneal low- and high-ordered RMS values increased. In terms of individual aberrations, the low-ordered horizontal tilt and the high-ordered horizontal coma increased.