Aneuploidy results from nondisjunction in either the meiotic division of the parents or the early cleavage divisions of the affected individuals. The sex chromosomes show a wide range of viable aneuploidy than do the autosomes. The incidence of 47,XXY and 47,XYY children increases with maternal age, as does that of autosomal trisomies, whereas the incidence of 45,X children does not increase with maternal age. In the group of sex chromosome aueuploidies, the 47,XXY and 47,XYY conditions occur with nearly equal hequency at birth. Translocations between X or Y chromosomes and an autosome or between an X chromosome and the Y chromosome cause sterility in human males. It has been assumed that a translocation involving either(or both) of the sex chromosomes would interfere with inactivation of the XY bivalent and thaeby disturb spermatogenesis. We bave experienced a case of Y-autosome translocation in azoospermic patient. So we report this case with a brief review of literatures.
Aneuploidy ; Azoospermia* ; Child ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infertility ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Parents ; Parturition ; Sex Chromosomes ; Spermatogenesis ; Trisomy ; X Chromosome ; Y Chromosome

Infertility, defined as 1 year of unprotected coitus without conception, affects approximately 10 to 15% for couples of reproductive age. Approximately 35% of these cases are attributable to male factor infertility. A major cause of male infertility is chromosome abnormality, such as 47 chromosomes with an XXY karyotype. Early surveys of infertile males showed that the incidence of major chromosome abnormality in infertile males in azoospermic patients. When patients are treated for male infertility, a chromosome analysis including a search for abnormality at the DNA level, should be performed. We have experienced a case of autosomal reciprocal translocation in azoospermic patient. So we report this case with a brief review of literatures.
Azoospermia ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Coitus ; DNA ; Family Characteristics ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Karyotype ; Male

BACKGROUND: Many autopsy studies have shown that the extent of extracranial carotid and coronary artherosclerosis is correlated and B-mode ultrasonographic intima-media thickness(IMT) and histologic IMT have been good correlation. In recent years. as it has been reported that IMT of carotid artery had something to do with risk factors of atherosclerosis and occurrence of coronary artery disease, in this study, we tried to investigate if the grade of atherosclerosis in B-mode ultrasonography of carotid artery could predict coronary artery disease and have something to do with the severity of coronary artery disease. METHODS: We classified the patients who were examined coronary angiography into control group without significant(>50%) stenosis(11 patients) and coronary artery disease(CAD) group(45 patients) according to the existence of significant stenosis, and we subdivided CAD group into single vessel disease(SVD) group(25 patients) and multivessel disease(MVD) group(20 patients). Practicing B-mode ultrasonography of common carotid artery(CCA), carotid artery bifurcation(BIF) and internal carotid artery(ICA), we measured IMT and IMT/L(lumen diameter) of each segment. Adding all values of each segment, we got mean aggregated IMT and mean aggregated IMT/L. RESULTS: 1) As IMT of left BIF in both six segments, control group was 0.55+/-0.16mm, SVD group was 0.71+/-0.36mm and MVD group was 1.02+/-0.61mm. So compared with control group and SVD, MVD group were significantly thick. As IMT/L, control group was 0.07+/-0.02, SVD group 0.08+/-0.05 and MVD group was 0.13+/-0.08. So compared with control group and SVD, MVD group was ignificantly high. 2)IMT of BIF in three segments, control group was 0.59+/-0.16mm, CAD group was 0.82+/-0.47mm and MVD group was 0.90+/-0.54mm. So compared with control group and CAD, MVD group were significantly thick. Also as IMT/L of BIF, compared with control group(0.07+/-0.02) and CAD(0.10+/-0.06), MVD(0.11+/-0.07) group was high.= 3) As mean aggregated IMT, control group was 0.57+/-0.34mm, CAD group was 0.69+/-0.45mm, SVD group was 0.63+/-0.12mm and MVD group was 0.74+/-0.21mm. So CAD group was thicker than control group and MVD group was thicker than SVD group. As mean aggregated IMT/L, control group was 0.07+/-0.03, CAD group was 0.10+/-0.05, SVD group was 0.09+/-0.01 and MVD group was 0.11+/-0.03. So CAD group was higher than control group and MVD group was higher than SVD group. CONCLUSION: These data support use of the mean aggregated B-mode ultrasonographic IMT and IMT/L in carotid bifurcation for correlation with the status of coronary atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis ; Autopsy ; Carotid Arteries* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Ultrasonography

There are not much reports concerning with clinical results using frozen-thawed testivular sperm in ICSI program. It is speculated that the necessity of cryopreservation of testicular sperm to avoid repeating surgical procedure for obtaining sperm for ICSI. This study was carried out to confirm whether frozen-thawed testicular sperm could be fertilized and pregnancy could be achieved using embryos fertilized with frozen-thawed testicular sperm in ICSI program or not. Testicular sperm obtained from obstructive- or non-obstructive azoospermia patients were co-cultured for 3 days with Vero cells to improve sperm motility. By co-culturing with Vero cells for 3 days, O-ll% of sperm motility after thawing increased up to 8-42% after co-culturing. ICSI was performed using frozen-thawed, and co-cultured sperm with 66 oocytes obtained from 8 patients and 62 oocytes were survived and 49(79.0%) oocytes were fertilized normally. Embryo transfer was possible in 7 out of 8 patients, and pregnancy was achieved in 6 patients(85.7%). These results indicated that not only fresh testicular sperm but frozen-thawed testicular sperm can be used in ICSI program.
Azoospermia ; Cryopreservation ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Structures ; Humans ; Oocytes ; Pregnancy* ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic* ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa* ; Vero Cells

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mechanisms of restenosis following successful coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are knownasvascularsmoothmuscle cells(VSMCs)proliferationandmigration, elastic recoil or vascular wall remodeling. Paclitaxel whose effect on the stabilization of microtubles leads to cell death is highly lipophilic, permitting easy pass through cell membrane, and has a long-term antiproliferative effect. This study was performed to evaluate effect of paclitaxel on VSMCs proliferation and whether locally delivered paclitaxel can prevent stenosis and neointimal formation in rat carotid artery injury model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultured VSMCs were exposed to sequential concentrations of paclitaxel in vitro, and proliferation inhibition was analyzed with 3H-thymidine incorporation. Paclitaxel of a suitable concentration was applied to the endothelium-denuded carotid artery of Fisher 344 inbred rats for 20 minutes. Angiogram and morphometric analysis of carotid artery was performed after 2 weeks. RESULTS: 3H-thymidine incorporation in cultured VSMCs was decreased dose-dependently from the concentration of 0.1 micromol/L (2,454+/-149cpm/ microgram protein) to 100 micromol/L (1,323+/-69cpm/ microgram protein) of paclitaxel by single and 20-minute exposure in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor (p<0.005). In the absence of platelet-derived growth factor, the decrement of 3H-thymidine incorporation was evident above the concentration of 5 micromol/L of paclitaxel. To evaluate in vivo effect, paclitaxel (0.1 or 1 micromol/L) was administered into the endothelium-denuded carotid artery by balloon injury and incubated for 20 minutes. Percent stenoses (32.2+/-9.8%) of paclitaxel-treated group was less than those (46.3+/-7.5%) of control group on histologic analysis (p<0.01). Paclitaxel-treated group also had wider lumen on carotid angiogram and less neointimal thickening than control on histologic examination (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: Proliferation of VSMCs was effectively inhibited and neointimal formation and luminal stenosis was prevented in rat carotid artery injury model by single, brief and local delivery of low-dose paclitaxel. This strategy could be applied to clinical settings for the prevention of restenosis after PTCA.
Angioplasty ; Animals ; Carotid Arteries* ; Carotid Artery Injuries ; Cell Death ; Cell Membrane ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Neointima ; Paclitaxel* ; Phenobarbital ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor ; Rats*

Frictional force between the orthodontic bracket and arch wire during sliding tooth movement is related to many factors, such as the size, shape and material of both the bracket and wire, ligation method and the angle formed between the bracket and wire. There have been clear conclusions drawn in regard to most of these factors, but as to the effect of bracket width on frictional force there are only conflicting studies. This study was designed to investigate the effect of bracket width on the amount of frictional forces generated during clinically simulated tooth movement. Three different widths of brackets (0.018x0.025"standard), narrow (2.40mm), medium (3.00mm) and wide (4.25mm) were used in tandem with 0.016x0.022" stainless steel wire. Three bracket-arch wire combinations were drawn on for 4 minutes on a testing apparatus with a head speed of 0.5mm/min and tested 7 times each. To reproduce biological conditions, dentoalveolar models were designed with indirect technique using a material with similar elastic properties as periodontal ligament (PDL). In addition, to minimize the effect of ligation force, elastomer was used with added resin, which was attached to the bracket to make up for the discrepancies of bracket width. The results were as follows: 1. Maximum frictional force for each bracket-arch wire combination was: Narrow (2.40mm) : 68.09+/-4.69 gmf Medium (3.00mm) : 72.75+/-4.98 gmf Wide (4.25mm) : 72.59+/-4.54 gmf 2. Frictional force was increased with more displacement of wire through the bracket slot. 3. The ANOVA post-hoc test showed that the bracket width had no significant effect on frictional force when tested under clinically simulated conditions (P>0.05)
Elastomers ; Friction* ; Glia Maturation Factor ; Head ; Ligation ; Orthodontic Brackets ; Periodontal Ligament ; Stainless Steel ; Tooth Movement* ; Tooth*

There have been a few reported cases of pancreatic pseudocyst with involvement of adjacent structures including the stomach, duodenum, and even the mediastinum. An intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocyst is an uncommon complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis. We report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst with splenic involvement in a 69-year-old man with a review of literatures. Abdominal CT revealed a 4 cm sized cyst at the pancreatic tail which was extending into the splenic hilum and splenic parenchyma. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed. Pathologic findings demonstrated a pseudocyst of pancreatic tail which communicated with the infacted splenic parenchyma. Also vasculitis, endothelial hyperplasia and medial calcification of the splenic artery were observed.
Male ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: Schizophrenia, commonly developed in adolescence and young adulthood, is one of the most common mental diseases in psychiatry. The etiology or pathogenesis of this disease is uncertain yet, but the dysfunction of dopaminergic system in the brain has been proposed. However, there is no direct evidence of dysfunction of brain dopaminergic systems in schizophrenic patients because the direct assessment of brain dopaminergic systems is almost impossible at present. To overcome this problem, recently founded dopamine receptors and their mRNAs in peripheral lymphocytes was used. The purpose of this study was to define whether the dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes can be the peripheral markers of schizophrenia or not. METHODS: The total numbers of subjects are 87 schizophrenic patients. Among them 44 patients were schizophrenics who had been taking antipsychotic drugs for more than 3 years(medicated patients) 43 schizophrenics who recently are not taken antipsychotic drugs for more than 3 months(drugfree patients) For controls age and sex matched 31 healthy persons were enrolled. Sequential reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the mRNA were used to investigate the expression of dopamine receptors in peripheral lymphocytes. The gene expression of dopamine receptors were compared in each groups and after starting antipsychotic medicines in drug-free patients, the clinical scales and the dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were sequentially studied before, 2 weeks after and 8 weeks after medication. RESULTS: 1)In drug-free schizophrenics, D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression of peripheral lymphocytes was significantly increased comparing with that of controls and drug-medicated schizophrenics and D5 dopamine receptor mRNA expression was increased comparing with only that of drug-medicated schizophrenics. There was no difference between controls and drug-medicated schizophrenics. 2)After antipsychotic medication, dopamine receptors of lymphocytes were increased tendency. 3)Drug-free patients were divided into two groups according to dopamine receptor expression in controls to evaluate the significance of increased dopamine receptor expression. The group of patients with increased dopamine receptor expression had following clinical characteristics. (1)More severe psychiatric symptoms (2)Poor pharmacological response of pBPRS on medicines (3)Severe extrapyramidal side effects after pharmacological treatment CONCLUSION: These results revealed that the molecular biologically determined dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were reactive, and increased expression of dopamine receptor in peripheral lymphocyte had clinical significance for subgrouping and prognostication. These findings suggested that dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocyte may represent dopamine receptors of the brain, even the location cannot be determined.
Adolescent ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Brain ; Dopamine* ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Lymphocytes* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Dopamine* ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger* ; Schizophrenia ; Weights and Measures

Tuberculous aneurysm of the aorta is exceedingly rare. To date, the standard therapy for mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta has been surgery involving in-situ graft placement or extra-anatomic bypass surgery followed by effective anti-tuberculous medication. Only recently has the use of a stent graft in the treat-ment of tuberculous aortic aneurysm been described in the literature. We report two cases in which a tuberculous aneurysm of the abdominal aorta was success-fully repaired using endovascular stent grafts. One case involved is a 42-year-old woman with a large suprarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm and a right psoas abscess, and the other, a 41-year-old man in whom an abdominal aortic aneurysm ruptured during surgical drainage of a psoas abscess.
Adult ; Aneurysm, Infected/drug therapy/radiography/*surgery ; Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/drug therapy/radiography/*surgery ; *Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation ; Case Report ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Psoas Abscess/surgery ; *Stents ; Tuberculosis, Cardiovascular/drug therapy/radiography/*surgery

Cancer of the stomach is responsible for approximately 650,000 deaths globally each year and is probably second only to lung cancer worldwide as an overall cause of cancer-related mortality. Similar to the situation with most adenocarcinomas of the gastointestinal tract, carcinomas of the stomach can spread by local extension to adjacent normal structures and can develop lymphatic, peritoneal, and distant metastases. The tumor cells, can also permeate diffusely into the lymphatic plexus of the bowel, more often at the level of the upper duodenum hut sometimes down into the distal ileum and the large bowel. We report a case of lymphatic metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma to the ampulla of Vater with review of the literature.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Ampulla of Vater* ; Duodenum ; Ileum ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphatic Metastasis* ; Mortality ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms