No abstract available.
Anthrax*

No abstract available.
Lithium Chloride* ; Lithium*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between job stress and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of hospital nurses. METHOD: The questionnaires were administered to 290 nurses working in a general hospital located in S city from September 1 to 15, 2008. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics, and logistic regression test by SPSS WIN 14.0. RESULTS: With the NIOSH criteria 1, the musculoskeletal symptoms were prevalent in 66.8% of the subjects. The musculoskeletal symptoms by body parts appeared mostly on leg/foot(40.6%) and followed by shoulder (38.7%), waist(30.3%), neck(23.6%), hand/wrist/ finger(14.0%) and arm/elbow(4.4%). There were statistically significant differences in prevalence rate of musculoskeletal symptoms by age, work department, career and job stress. CONCLUSION: When developing a management program for musculoskeletal symptoms of hospital nurses, it is necessary to fully understand nurses' work considering each hospital's nursing administration system.
Hospitals, General ; Human Body ; Logistic Models ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Shoulder

BACKGROUND: Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) spp. is a major pathogenic organism of nosocomial and community-acquired urianry tract infections, and causes infrctions in the immunocompromised host, and in particular, bloodstream infetions in patent with indwelling devices. High prevalance of methicillin resistance has been noticed in CNS which also have been recongnized as an important multidrug resistant pathogen. The optimal phenotypic method for detecting methicillin resistance still remains controversial, and new guidelines for detecting methicillin resistance of CNS was proposed by NCCLS in January 1999. We evaluated the relationship between mecA gene by PCR method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests according to the new NCCLS guidelines. METHODS: A total of 82 CNS isolates were examined for MICs and penicillin MICs by disk diffusion and agar dilution method according to NCCLS guidelines, and detections, and detection of mecA gene by PCR. RESULT: In disk diffusion method, 66 strains (80.5%) and 63 strains (76.8%) showed resistance to penicillin and oxacillin, respectively, and in agar dilution method, 71 strains(86.6%) and 53 strains (64.6%), respectively. In PCR method, mecA genes were detected in 49 strains(59.8%). Comparing with mecA gene detection by PCR method, the sensitivity of disk diffusion and agar dilution method was 95.8% and 89.8%, repectively. However, the sensitivity of disk diffusion and agar dilution method was 65.3% and 75.5%, respectively using previous NCCLS criteria. CONCLUSION: The new criteria of NCCLS detects the methicillin resistance induced by mecA gene more sensitively than previous one.
Agar ; Coagulase* ; Diffusion ; Immunocompromised Host ; Methicillin Resistance ; Oxacillin ; Penicillins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Staphylococcus*

BACKGROUND: The rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant pneumococcal strains has heightened the importance of reliable and convenient susceptibility testing methods. The newly-developed VITEK-2 (bioMerieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO, USA) System includes the capability of performing rapid susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumoniae using specially configured cards. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the VITEK-2 System for susceptibility testing of S. pneumoniae. METHODS: One hundred clinical strains of S. pneumoniae (18 penicillin susceptible strains, 32 intermediate strains, and 50 resistant strains) were tested, which had been isolated in Samsung Medical Center. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, and vancomycin were determined by broth dilution method and VITEK-2 System using AST-P506 cards. The results obtained by VITEK-2 System were compared to those obtained by broth dilution method. RESULTS: Overall agreement of MICs determined by two methods was 93.0% within the range of one dilution. The best agreement was achieved with vancomycin (100%), and in descending order, 99% with ofloxacin, 97% with erythromycin, 94% with chloramphenicol, 89% with cefotaxime, 88% with tetracycline, and 85% with penicillin. There were 1.9% of very major error, 2.0% of major error, and 8.6% of minor error. The mean time for generation of susceptibility results was 9.6 hours. CONCLUSIONS: VITEK-2 System provided rapid and reliable determinations of susceptibility category for most antibiotics and would be helpful as a substitution of existing MIC methods.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cefotaxime ; Chloramphenicol ; Erythromycin ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Ofloxacin ; Penicillins ; Pneumonia ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus* ; Tetracycline ; Vancomycin

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic*

PURPOSE: To report four cases in which temporary complication developed after using Gentian Violet as a marker in LASIK procedure. METHODS: Four cases who had undergone LASIK using Gentian Violet (Viscot Surgical Marker, U.S.A.) as a marker were followed. During follow up, corneal edema and opacity developed in landmark area which appeared as a hot spot in topography. Topical Corticosteroids and antibiotics applied for 3 weeks. RESULTS: At 3 month after LASIK, the corneal opacity and edema were disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary complication may develop by gentian violet following LASIK procedure. When using highly concentrated gentian violet marking pen, great attention should be paid not to make any corneal erosion.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Corneal Edema ; Corneal Opacity ; Edema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gentian Violet* ; Gentiana* ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ*

We investigated the role of the tumor suppressor genes in the germ cell tumor. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) for p53 mutation were done in 46 cases of the germ cell tumor with paraffin embedded tissue. The immunohistochemical staining for Rb protein was also performed in the same specimens. The following results were obtained. The overexpression of the p53 protein was detected in 7 of 46 cases (15%). p53 mutation by PCR-SSCP was detected in 1 of 46 cases (2.2%). Expression of Rb protein was negative in 19 cases (41%). These results suggest that p53 mutation does not play an important role in the initiation and progression of germ cell tumors.
Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Germ Cells* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal* ; Paraffin ; Retinoblastoma Protein*

PURPOSE: In order to know the effects of inaccurate laser shot of vertical or horizontal direction, we evaluated the clinical results of LASIK according to the use of fixation ring and the accuracy of the focusing beam on the corneal stromal bed. METHODS: LASIK was performed in 73 eyes with one surgeon between April, 2001 and January, 2002 were divided into two groups: those who exceeded -6.00D were high myopia group (37 eyes), and those who did not were low myopia group (36 eyes). We retrospectively analyzed the results of the LASIK in two methods, the one is the evaluation of the vertical directional error with the accuracy of the focusing beam and the other is the horizontal error with the use of fixation ring. We measured the preoperative and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent, and the postoperative predictability. RESULTS: There was no significant statistical difference in the spherical equivalent, uncorrected visual acuity, postoperative predictability between the use and nonuse of fixation ring and good and bad accuracy of focusing beam in high myopia and low myopia (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a little difference in the accuracy of focusing beam on the corneal stromal bed and the use of fixation ring would not affect the clinical result after LASIK.
Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Morinda ; Myopia ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

No abstract available.
Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Statistics as Topic*