Conservative or surgical methods have been used for the treatment of fracture of mandibular subcondyle, but consensus has not been reached in regard to the proper management of this injury. Several problems related to the surgical procedure have led many surgeons to avoid surgical management of condylar fractures in favor of closed reduction and intermaxillary fixations. However, luxation of the condyle may lead to various long-term complications such as open bite on the contralateral side, dysfunction, deviation in opening and closing movements, as well as bone apposition leading to ankylosis. As a consequence, open reduction is preferable when the condyle is displaced. Various methods-for example, direct wiring technique, simple bone plating, dynamic compression plating-have been advocated for the treatment of fracture of mandibular subcondyle. Of such methods, a functionally-stable osteosynthesis can be achieved by compression osteosynthesis methods. Lag screw osteosynthesis is essentially a form of compression osteosynthesis in which the bone fragments are bound to one another as a result of traction from the screw. An advantage of compression osteosynthesis is that the end of a fractured bone can be maintained in an opposed position under pressure, and then primary bone healing occurs by direct osteoblastic activity within the fracture. As well, it obviates or reduces the need for maxillomandibular fixation, as well as the morbidity associated with conventional treatment methods such as facial nerve injury and bone resorption due to wide dissection. We have treated 9 cases of displaced subcondylar fractures of the mandible with the lag screw fixation system which is marketed by the Martin corporation. Mobilization and guidance of the jaw was begun from 7 or 10 days postoperatively. The radiologic and clinical evaluations showed good repositioning of the fragments and good occlusion postoperatively The disadvantage is that surgical procedures are relatively compound, and an additional procedure - removal of lag screw - is necessary after complete bone union. Lag screw osteosynthesis can be added as a another valid armament for plastic surgeons in the management of mandibular subcondyle fractures.
Ankylosis ; Bone Resorption ; Consensus ; Facial Nerve Injuries ; Jaw ; Jaw Fixation Techniques ; Mandible ; Open Bite ; Osteoblasts ; Traction

No abstract available.
Cartilage* ; Enophthalmos* ; Ribs* ; Transplants*

No abstract available.
Complementary Therapies

No abstract available.
Complementary Therapies

No abstract available.
Cleft Lip* ; Humans ; Lip*

No abstract available.
Cleft Lip*

In the majority of East Asian eyelids, the presence of a medial epicanthal fold is one of the unique anatomic characteristics. Roundness of medial canthal area and a narrow, short palpebral fissure are aesthetic consequences of this anatomic features. But, the idea of beauty has changed with time by influence of western culture. Many people are favorable to the wide open eye without epicanthal fold, which make improved facial balance. Double-eyelid operation is the most commonly performed procedure of aesthetic surgery field in Korea. However, many cases of successfully done double-eyelid operation results in only partial improvement by leaving medial epicanthal folds. We can get the improved results by utilizing epicanthopasty that lengthens the palpebral fissure, and thus producing the image of a larger, open eye. Consequently the requirements for epicanthoplasty has increased in modern time. The Uchida's split V-W plasty is one of the most frequently used methods. But, it has disadvantages of completely exposed scar, potential for dog-ear formation, and two stage procedure with some cases of double-eyelid operation. We modified the Uchida's method by moving the position of 2 triangular flaps more laterally and conjoining the incision line of double-eyelid operation with that of epicanthoplasty. The purposes of our modification are not complete elimination but relieving the epicanthal fold, hiding the minimal scar behind the new relieved the new relieved fold and preventing the dog-ear on the transitional zone. From January, 1995 to June, 1999, this method was applied to 93 patients who have medial epicanthal folds and performed with double-eyelid operation concomitantly. Age ranged From 12 to 47 years and the mean age was 23 years. Through the mean 15 months of follow up, the mean widening of the palpebral fissure width was 2.5mm and the mean reduction of the intercanthal distance was 5mm. The modified Uchida's method has advantages of simplicity in procedure, effectiveness in results, minimal scarring with hiding behind the new small fold, and one stage procedure with double-eyelid operation. We think it can be applied generally to almost of all double-eyelid operation except epicanthal fold is marked severe.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Beauty ; Cicatrix ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea

No abstract available.
Child* ; Down Syndrome* ; Humans

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore factors related to amount of service use for elders with long-term care needs. METHODS: A descriptive-correlation design was used. The sample included 259 elders and their primary caregivers who had cared for the elders for at least 6 months. Data on long-term care need assessment, service use and interviews with primary caregivers were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics and the amount of services use. Amount of service use differed significantly by Long-term care classification. The mean scores for class 1, 2 and 3 were 22.68, 21.47 and 17.87 days respectively. Primary caregiver relationship with the elders and the number of family-friend helpers were also significant. Multivariate regression analysis showed that gender, marital status, activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, and secondary caregiver support explained 17% of the total variance of service use among these elders (F=3.50, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that critical factors including secondary caregiver support and individual background, and other functional dependencies except for physical function should be considered in accurately predicting the amount of service use for community dwelling elders with long-term care needs.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Caregivers ; Home Care Services ; Humans ; Long-Term Care ; Marital Status

PURPOSE: The core of accreditation for nursing education is to improve the ability and quality of graduates through a CQI system based on outcomes. For program outcomes of nursing education accreditation criterion, it is necessary to understand the relationship among education assessment, objective and curriculum. METHODS: The focus of this study was on program outcomes and the assessment. First measures for improving the general problems of program outcomes associated with the assessment system were stated. Detailed measure for practicing program outcomes, the assessment system and the assessment tool using Rubrics were discussed. RESULTS: Detailed measure were established for practicing the program outcomes, assessment system and assessment tool, which makes use of rubrics, program outcome No 3 of the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education. CONCLUSION: Therefore it is expected that the assessment system established in this study will allow universities to conduct program outcomes and assessment.
Accreditation ; Communication* ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education, Nursing ; Nursing*