We investigated intrinsic and extrinsic training methods and their effects on performance and learning among total number moxibustion students. The group of self-taught students learned moxa-cone preparation and use by using an instrument to measure moxa burning temperature and time and evaluating their own performance. And the other group of students learning from teacher learned by having their performance evaluated by a teacher without the use of the instrument.
While there was no difference in performance between two groups, comparison of subjective student self-reports indicates that self-evaluation with the use of instrument provides greater subjective confidence of having learned.
Conclusion: “Deepening in quality of practical training in moxibustion” corresponds to “provides greater subjective confidence of having learned”.

We investigated the relationship between the effects of performance and motivation on intrinsic and extrinsic training methods of moxibustion among the total number of students in our class. The students were assigned to perform moxibustion by two methods; (1) the students were self-taught and learned moxa cone preparation and use by employing an instrument that measures moxa burning temperature and time, and then evaluated their own performance; (2) the students had their performance evaluated by the teacher without the use of the instrument.
The students' motivation for learning moxibustion was estimated by the S. D. (Semantic Differential) method, a rating scale, and by the descriptions of the student's impressions.
Motivation was different according to the performance of the two methods. The comparison of the students subjective self-reports indicates that self-evaluation with the use of the instrument provides stronger self-confidence and motivation, thus method 1 has advantages.
Conclusion:
A comparison of the students' reactions suggests that the stronger motivation of the students regarding their practical training was due to the fact that method 1 was more interesting since the students could monitor the temperature by using the instrument.

Regarding practical training in moxibustion according to the Course of Study (Oriental Medicine College Association, 1990), an experimental new teaching resource was used —a burning temperature sensor at the moxa cone. The purpose of this study was an attempt to improve and enrich practical training in moxibustion.
Forty-five daytime freshman were involved in the study. They were given 2 hours of practical training in moxibustion in a class according to our own lesson plan, which was especially made for that purpose.
As a result of this trial method, the following important points became evident:
1. The students can easily make a self evaluation.
2. The goal and content of the student's education can become broader.
3. Objective evaluation is possible.
The above mentioned points, and perhaps others, regarding education in practical training in moxibustion will become more apparent.
In conclusion, if the use of a temperature sensor in moxibustion is added to the Course of Study, the efficiency level of practical training in moxibustion will increase.

We made inquiries into the actual condition of the education of the professional school, which is required to exalt the mind of the students to the spirit of acupuncturists, the professionals, (below we call it socializing function.) conducting the questionnaire on our students.
In July 1993, we conducted the unsigned questionnaire on 172 students of the 3rd grade of the faculty of acupuncture.
We classified the students into 3 types, “making good progress type”, “having trouble type” and “having no purpose type”, considering from the point of view of socializing function in 3 stages, before entering the school, studing in the school and graduating from the school. Consequently, about 80 percent of the students were “making good progress type” and there weren't any “having no purpose type” students. It seems to be one of the typical characteristics of professional schools. However about 10 percent are “having trouble type” students and we consider that the more internal inquiries on this type of the students and the educational consideration toward them are our questions to answer in the future.

Oral clefts, the most frequent congenital birth defects in humans, are multifactorial disorders caused by genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies point to different etiologies underlying the oral cleft phenotypes, cleft lip (CL), CL and/or palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP). More than 350 genes have syndromic and/or nonsyndromic oral cleft associations in humans. Although genes related to genetic disorders associated with oral cleft phenotypes are known, a gap between detecting these associations and interpretation of their biological importance has remained. Here, using a gene ontology analysis approach, we grouped these candidate genes on the basis of different functional categories to gain insight into the genetic etiology of oral clefts. We identified different genetic profiles and found correlations between the functions of gene products and oral cleft phenotypes. Our results indicate inherent differences in the genetic etiologies that underlie oral cleft phenotypes and support epidemiological evidence that genes associated with CL/P are both developmentally and genetically different from CP only, incomplete CP, and submucous CP. The epidemiological differences among cleft phenotypes may reflect differences in the underlying genetic causes. Understanding the different causative etiologies of oral clefts is important as it may lead to improvements in diagnosis, counseling, and prevention.

Excellent outcomes were achieved with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for 7 to 10 days on 2 patients who developed postherpetic neuralgia. Both patients were within 2 to 3 months of the onset of the condition, and nerve blocks provided only temporary pain relief and drug therapies had poor efficacy. The authors believe that limited-duration SCS for subacute postherpetic neuralgia is a useful treatment approach that may prevent the pain from progressing to chronic postherpetic neuralgia.
Aged ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; methods ; Female ; Herpes Zoster ; complications ; Humans ; Neuralgia, Postherpetic ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Pain, Intractable ; therapy ; Spinal Cord ; physiology

  As global migration has been increasing rapidly, the Japan Association for International Health (JAIH) established the committee for migration and health in early 2021. This committee, which aims to challenge the health issues of migrants inside and outside Japan, held the first kick-off symposium in the 36th Congress of JAIH on 27 November 2021. Five symposiasts were invited and had presentations from the viewpoints of human rights and culture, which were recognized as the common keywords. This article was written by all symposiasts and chairpersons as the report of the kick-off symposium.