Foreign bodies in genitourinary tract are not rare and most of them are present in the bladder. Various kinds of object are introduced into bladder through urethra by both male and female patients. Traditionally, they were introduced mainly for the purpose of sexual behavior. But recently like in our cases, many of them are inserted iatrogenically with development of endourologic procedure. We report 14 cases of bladder foreign bodies. Some of them are surprising and beyond common sense in kind of object and aim of insertion. Six cases were inserted by iatrogenic, 5 cases for masturbation, 2 cases by independently of patient`s intention by other person(s). One patient who had history of mental retardation did not remember when, how, why and by whom the foreign body had been introduced. All the foreign bodies could be diagnosed by history, symptom, X-ray and cystoscopy and removed by cystoscopic manipulation or cystostomy with ease and without complication.
Cystoscopy ; Cystostomy ; Female ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Intention ; Male ; Masturbation ; Sexual Behavior ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder*

Foreign bodies in genitourinary tract are not rare and most of them are present in the bladder. Various kinds of object are introduced into bladder through urethra by both male and female patients. Traditionally, they were introduced mainly for the purpose of sexual behavior. But recently like in our cases, many of them are inserted iatrogenically with development of endourologic procedure. We report 14 cases of bladder foreign bodies. Some of them are surprising and beyond common sense in kind of object and aim of insertion. Six cases were inserted by iatrogenic, 5 cases for masturbation, 2 cases by independently of patient`s intention by other person(s). One patient who had history of mental retardation did not remember when, how, why and by whom the foreign body had been introduced. All the foreign bodies could be diagnosed by history, symptom, X-ray and cystoscopy and removed by cystoscopic manipulation or cystostomy with ease and without complication.
Cystoscopy ; Cystostomy ; Female ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Intention ; Male ; Masturbation ; Sexual Behavior ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder*

Waardenburg syndrome is a very rare auditory-pigment syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance. In his first report in 1951, Waardenburg characterized this syndrome as dystopia canthorum, a high broad nasal bridge, synophrys[confluent eyebrows], heterochromia iridid, a white forelock or early graying, and sensory neural deafness. We observed a case of Type 2 Waardenburg syndrome with openangle glaucoma and, therefore report with literature review.
Deafness ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Waardenburg Syndrome* ; Wills

No abstract available.
Female* ; Humans

Craniofacial clefts are rare among facial anomalies with an incidence of 1.5 to 5 per 100,000 births, and 1 per 100 cases of cleft lip and palate. The Tessier No. 7 clefts are unusual lesions that result from failure of the embryonic mandibular and maxillary processes to properly fuse and form the corners of the mouth. We experienced a case of Tessier No. 7 craniofacial cleft in a 1 day-old female patient who presented with a macrostomia and auricular malformation. The diagnosis was established by clinical and radiographic findings. A brief review of literature was made.
Cleft Lip ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Macrostomia ; Mouth ; Palate ; Parturition

We reviewed retrospectively 51 cases of patients with canalicular laceration from March 1994 to April 1999 about the patient characteristics, associated ocular injuries and other clinical informations through medical records. The injuries were most commonly occurred between the age of 20 to 39(27cases, 52.9%). The most common cause of injury was due to violence by kick or fist blow(26 cases, 51%), and accidental injuries by sharp-pointed objects in all cases under the age of 10(5 cases, 9.8%). Most cases have occurred to the lower eyelid(41, 80.4%), 6 cases(11.8%)to upper lid, and 4 cases(7, 8%)to both upper and lower lids. The right side was involved in 34 patient(66.7%), whereas the left side was involved in 17 patients(33.3%). While reviewing the used materials in canalicular repair, canaliculoplasty was not performed in 11 patients(21.6%)due to various reasons, Mini-Monoka was used in 34 patients(66.7%)and bicanalicular stent in 7 patients(13.7%). The increased incidence of epiphora was noted in those cases with notrepaired canalicular laceration, early protrusion of stent, and incomplete anatomical repair of lid margin and medial canthal angle due to extensive injury.
Humans ; Incidence ; Lacerations* ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Violence

Medicolegal autopsy is a vital tool for obtaining reliable injury mortality data. This study statistically analyzed data obtained from medicolegal autopsies performed in Korea in 2013. The aim of this study was to analyze various aspects of the 4,861 deaths that were categorized as unusual in Korea in 2013. A total of 4,861 deaths were analyzed by gender, age, manner of death, and cause of death. Of the 4,861 deaths, 3,542 (73.3%) were of men and 1,302 (26.7%) were of women. With respect to the manner of death, 54.4% were recorded as unnatural deaths, 38.8% were natural deaths, and 6.9% had unknown causes. Of the 2,642 unnatural deaths, 45.0% were determined to be accidental deaths, 26.3% suicidal, 16.9% homicidal, and 11.8% undetermined. Of the total number of unnatural deaths, 42.1% were trauma-related deaths, for which falling down accounted for 33.8%. Asphyxiation accounted for 16.0% of unnatural deaths, and of these, the predominant cause was hanging (58.8%). In addition, 14.4% of deaths were due to drowning, 12.9% poisoning, 11.0% thermal injuries, 1.8% complications arising from medical procedures, and 0.8% electrocution, starvation, or neglect. Among the 1,886 natural deaths, heart diseases accounted for 52.0% and vascular diseases accounted for 16.9%. Of the 196 deaths among children under the age of 10 years, 41.8% were recorded as unnatural deaths, 45.1% were natural deaths, and 1.5% had unknown causes.
Autopsy* ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Drowning ; Female ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Mortality ; Poisoning ; Starvation ; Vascular Diseases

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in various malignancies including carcinoma of the breast, lung, esophagus, cervix, and stomach. In patients with cervical carcinoma, its overexpression may be associated with advanced stage and poor prognosis. So, we evaluated the levels of serum EGFR in patients with cervical carcinoma. The level of EGFR extracellular domain was determined in serum from 57 cervical carcinoma patients(adenocarcinoma: 2, squamous cell carcinoma: 39, carcinoma in situ(CIS): 16) and 28 cases of healthy control using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(Calbiochem). In invasive carcinoma, serum EGFR level was measured in 11 cases of Stage Ia, 9 cases of Stage Ib, 4 cases of Stage IIa, 15 cases of Stage IIb, 2 cases of stage III patients. The mean ages of the healthy controls, of the wome with carcinoma in situ(CIS), and with invasive cervical carcinoma were not different(49.3, 44,4, 49.5, respectively, p 0.241). The mean serum level of EGFR in healthy control(n 28), carcinoma in situ(CIS)(n 16), and invasive carcinoma patients(n=41) were not significantly different(71.4+/-12.8fmol/ml, 79.2+/-26.8fmol/ml, 61.8+/- 18.4 fmol/ml, respectively, p=0.071). In conclusion, the expression of EGFR was not increased in patients with cervical cancer compared with normal women. And no significant differences were found depending on the clinical stage.
Breast ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cervix Uteri ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Esophagus ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Stomach ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the urodynamic findings in diabetics complaining of urinary voiding symptoms, the retrospective study was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For 5 years, from Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1997, urodynamic findings on 76 diabetics(49 males and 27 females) with voiding dysfunction were assessed and classified into; 1, detrusor instability, 2, impaired detrusor contractility, 3, detrusor areflexia, 4, indeterminate, 5, normal. Diabetic patients who had diseases of influential potentiality on bladder function were excluded out. A detailed history of diabetes, past and present medical history were reviewed. In addition, a thorough voiding history, urine culture, blood chemistry and physical examination were determinate. Ophthalmic examination by ophthalmologist and sacral reflex arc examination by urologist were also examined. Those with abnormal sacral reflex arc(absent bulbocavernous reflex, lax anal sphincter tone and control) were deemed sacral cord signs positive, and those with intact sacral reflexes were deemed sacral cord signs negative. RESULTS: The urodynamic findings of 76 diabetic patients were distributed into 25(32.9%) detrusor instability 23(30.3%) impaired detrusor contractility, 21 (27.8%) detrusor areflexia, 6(7.9%) indeterminate and 1 (1.3%) normal. Thirty six(47.4%) of them had retinopathy and 27(35.5%) had positive sacral cord sign, those complications took place most frequently in diabetics with detrusor areflexia. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic cystopathy revealed various patterns of bladder dysfunction, and detrusor areflexia patients showed high incidence of retinopathy and positive sacral cord sign. It is necessary that urodynamic studies should be done in diabetic cystopathy to characterize the treatment of voiding dysfunction.
Anal Canal ; Chemistry ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Reflex ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder ; Urodynamics*

Objective: Cognitive impairment has been an area of interest for psychiatrists. Not only do patients with dementia exhibit symptoms associated with cognitive impairment, but those with some mental disorders such as psychotic and mood disorders as well. However, differences in cognitive impairment between these disorders remain unclear. In this study, we used the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), a tool that can be easily administered to patients, to compare cognitive impairment profiles among patients with dementia, psychotic disorders, and mood disorders. Methods: We collected demographic and clinical characteristics of 59 patients who were over 50 years old. Cognitive func-tion was assessed using the K-MMSE. Patients were divided into three groups based on International Classification of Diseases 10th revision diagnosis codes: 1) F00-F01 Dementia, 2) F20-F29 Psychotic disorders, and 3) F30-F39 Mood disorders. We compared K-MMSE subscale scores between the three groups using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The three groups did not differ in demographic data. The dementia group showed the lowest scores in orientation to time (standard deviation [SD]=1.45, F=3.233, p<0.05) and place (SD=1.25, F=3.388, p<0.05), as well as registration (SD=1.00, F=4.425, p<0.05) and recall (SD=0.91, F=3.364, p<0.05) of memory compared to the groups with psychotic and mood disorders. The psychotic disorder group showed significant impairment in language (SD=1.34, F=3.348, p<0.05) compared to the other groups. No significant differences were observed in calculation and drawing. Conclusion This study suggests that certain K-MMSE subscale scores could indicate an illness that causes cognitive impairment, especially in dementia, psychotic disorders, and mood disorders. By using K-MMSE profiles, we could provide better in-terventions for patients with cognitive impairment.