Waardenburg syndrome is a very rare auditory-pigment syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance. In his first report in 1951, Waardenburg characterized this syndrome as dystopia canthorum, a high broad nasal bridge, synophrys[confluent eyebrows], heterochromia iridid, a white forelock or early graying, and sensory neural deafness. We observed a case of Type 2 Waardenburg syndrome with openangle glaucoma and, therefore report with literature review.
Deafness ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Waardenburg Syndrome* ; Wills

No abstract available.
Immunologic Tests* ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal*

We reviewed retrospectively 51 cases of patients with canalicular laceration from March 1994 to April 1999 about the patient characteristics, associated ocular injuries and other clinical informations through medical records. The injuries were most commonly occurred between the age of 20 to 39(27cases, 52.9%). The most common cause of injury was due to violence by kick or fist blow(26 cases, 51%), and accidental injuries by sharp-pointed objects in all cases under the age of 10(5 cases, 9.8%). Most cases have occurred to the lower eyelid(41, 80.4%), 6 cases(11.8%)to upper lid, and 4 cases(7, 8%)to both upper and lower lids. The right side was involved in 34 patient(66.7%), whereas the left side was involved in 17 patients(33.3%). While reviewing the used materials in canalicular repair, canaliculoplasty was not performed in 11 patients(21.6%)due to various reasons, Mini-Monoka was used in 34 patients(66.7%)and bicanalicular stent in 7 patients(13.7%). The increased incidence of epiphora was noted in those cases with notrepaired canalicular laceration, early protrusion of stent, and incomplete anatomical repair of lid margin and medial canthal angle due to extensive injury.
Humans ; Incidence ; Lacerations* ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Violence

PURPOSE: The author performed this experimental study to investigate the changes in the tensile strength of a new insertion following a superior rectus recession in a rabbit's eye. METHODS: Conventional superior rectus muscle recession procedures with the hang-back suture technique were performed on New Zealand white rabbits (body weight 2~3kg), after which the disinsertional force was measured using a digital tension gauge on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days, and then weekly for up to 8 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: The postoperative disinsertional forces were as follows: 38.25 +/- 2.75, 165 +/- 31.27, and 167.25 +/- 26.99 g at the 3rd , 5th and 7th days, and 211.00 +/- 25.66, 222.75 +/- 26.66, 255.25 +/- 24.51, 271.50 +/- 38.25, 429.50 +/- 21.14 g at the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks respectively. The disinsertional forces linearly increased with the postoperative time period and there was a strong correlation with correlation coefficient being 0.903. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that musculoscleral adhesion with hang-back suture maintained enough strength in early postoperative time period.
Rabbits ; Suture Techniques ; Sutures ; Tensile Strength*

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy of the prostate is a common outpatient procedure for diagnosing prostatic cancer. It is a relatively noninvasive, safe, and effective method, as the majority of post-biopsy complications are mild and self-limiting. Fatal complications including infection or massive hemorrhage are rare, but can be life threatening. We herein present an autopsy case of fatal rectal bleeding after prostate biopsy and an analysis of similar cases.
Autopsy ; Biopsy ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Prostate ; Prostatic Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to verify the correlation between gestational sac volume (GSV) from automatic tracing mode the VOCAL-imaging program and gestational age and to construct the nomogram of gestational sac volume as the new biometric parameter in early pregnancy. METHODS: The cross-sectional study has been conducted in 242 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. 47 cases were excluded due to early pregnancy failure, fetal malformations, elective abortion, age discrepancy, etc. In 195 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies from 5 to 12 weeks' menstrual age, gestational sac volume, mean sac diameter and crown-lump length were measured for the assessment of gestational age. Gestational sac volumetry was carried out with automatic method and manual method of the VOCALTM (Virtual Organ Computer- aided AnaLysis) for the comparison between two methods. The collected data were analyzed for mean, standard deviation, 90% reference interval, 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of gestational sac volume, mean sac diameter and CRL, and the nomogram were constructed. RESULTS: Polynomial regression analysis demonstrated the statistically significant positive correlation between gestational age and gestational sac volume by automatic tracing mode (R2 0.826, p<0.001), gestational sac volume by manual tracing mode (R2 0.844, p<0.0001), mean sac diameter (R2 0.763, p<0.0001) and crown-lump length (R2 0.950, p<0.0001). The 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of the gestational sac volume were calculated and the nomogram was tabulated. In determining gestational age, the standard deviation (SD) of gestational sac volume by automatic tracing mode is 5.6 days, the SD of gestational sac volume by manual tracing mode is 5.2 days and the SD of MSD is 6.6 days. CONCLUSION: we can conclude that three-dimensional GSV with automatic tracing mode of the VOCAL-imaging program can be used as the new biometric measurement in determining gestational age. Gestational sac volumetry with automatic tracing mode of the VOCAL-imaging program have been proven available and convenient method and it can be recommended in 5-7 weeks' of gestation, when CRL is not clearly visualized.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Gestational Age* ; Gestational Sac* ; Nomograms ; Pregnancy

This study was conducted to estimate the validity of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) compared to enzyme immunoassay(EIA) for the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. ElA for antibody to HCV(anti-HCV) and RT-PCR for HCV was executed on the subjects from Pusan and kyungnam area with questionnaire survey to collect some relating factors of HCV infection As the result from 617 cases, the prevalence of flcv infection was 1.5% by ElA and 3.7% by RT-PCR(p<0.05), and the age standardized rate was 1.7% and 3.4% by ElA and RT-PCR, respectively. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) was 6.8% by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELlSA) and the age standardized rate was 7.7%. It was the higher in male group comparing to female group(p<0.01). Both of the prevalence of HCV and HBsAg were higher in elevated asparate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) group than in normal AST and ALT group(p<0.01). There was no specific risk factor of HCV infection. Though the degree of agreement of EIA and RT-PCR by gamma statistics was 97.2%, it showed a significant difference between the two methods(p<0.01). For the detection of HCV infection, positive predictive value of ElA was 66.7 % and negative predictive value of EIA was 97.2%. This study suggests that negative result to anti-HCV by ElA didn't mean the free state of HCV infection, therefore it would be helpful that further monitoring for HCV infection by RT-PCR in the case of elevated AST and ALT and/or clinically suspected.
Alanine Transaminase ; Busan ; Female ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Hepacivirus* ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors

Carcinoma of the gallbladder is relatively rare malignancy usually found in an elderly, predominantly female population. Histologically, adenocarcinoma predominate, with only 10% to 15% being of other varieties(small cell carcinoma and others). Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is a rare lesion and predominantly a disease of older women with clinical history of stones. These tumors show an aggressive clinical course and death usually occurs with in a few months of the diagnosis. The diagnosis of small cell carcinoma should be based on cell morphology, histologic pattern and immunohistochemical study. Correct diagnosis is important not only because these tumors give rise to endocrine syndromes, but also because the chemotherapeutic approach to small cell carcinoma differs from that for adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Small Cell* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Gallbladder* ; Humans

Thymolipoma is rare benign tumor of the thymic gland and mostly occurs at anterior mediastinum. Thymolipoma comprises 2~9% of thymic tumor and less than 1% of mediastinal mass. Therefore, thymolipoma should be differentiated from anterior mediastinal tumor such as thymoma, germ cell tumor and lymphoma. These tumors resemble cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, basal atelectasis, pericardial tumor and cyst, pleural tumor, lung cancer and pulmonary sequestration, and differentiated from above mentioned diseases. Though most cases are asymptomatic, there can be dyspnea with compression of adjacent organ by mass effect, and myasthenia gravis. We experienced a thymolipoma simulating cardiomegaly and report the case with the review of literatures.
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration ; Cardiomegaly* ; Dyspnea ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphoma ; Mediastinum ; Myasthenia Gravis ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; Pleural Effusion ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Thymoma ; Thymus Neoplasms

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged women. METHODS: Three hundred eight premenopausal women were included in this study, including 268 women without MS and 40 women confirmed to have MS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. Clinical markers including anthropometric parameters, the serum lipid profile, and glucose level were determined and analyzed with the BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in femoral neck or lumbar BMD between the controls and women with MS. In correlation tests, the body mass index (BMI) showed a significant association with the femoral (r = 0.209, P < 0.001) and lumbar BMD (r = 0.176, P = 0.002). In addition, the waist circumference (WC) was also significantly correlated with the femoral (r = 0.142, P = 0.012) and lumbar BMD (r = 0.113, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION: The BMI and WC showed a significant positive association with the femoral and lumbar spine BMD in premenopausal women. Further studies with a large population will be needed to elucidate the combined effect of MS on BMD in middle-aged women.
Biomarkers ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Glucose ; Humans ; Spine ; Waist Circumference