Depression is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations, including depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, diminished motivation, anhedonia, despair, and even suicidality. The heterogeneity of the features of depression indicates the diversity of its pathogenesis. Protein levels and their genetic abnormalities are essential factors in the pathogenesis of depression. This review focuses on the levels and genetic abnormalities of depression-related proteins to further elaborate the pathogenesis of depression and presents current problems and challenges to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of novel antidepressant medications.

A total of 115 patients with type 2 diabetes recruited from Quanzijie Township Health Service Center were divided into integrated management group (n=54) and specialist management group (n=61). Patients in integrated management group were managed by specialists, general practitioners (GPs) and community nurses jointly; while patients in specialist management group were managed by specialists only. Subjects were followed up every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. Total 366 person/time diabetes education courses were given to subjects in integrated management group during the intervention. After intervention, the fasting glucose, 2 h postprandial glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were decreased significantly in both groups (P<0.05), while the triglyceride level in the integrated management group was significantly lower than that in the specialist management group (P<0.05). In conclusion, patients with type 2 diabetes managed by integrated mode can achieve similar glucose control effect as specialist management mode in primary care settings and their triglyceride level can be also significantly decreased.

Objective: To explore the effect of "diabetes specialists-community general practitioners-community nurse co-management mode" and "diabetes specialist management mode" on diabetic nephropathy (DN) in primary medical institutions. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to Quanzijie Health Clinic of Jimusar County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from October 2017 to March 2018 were enrolled. The Patients were divided into co-management group or specialist management group according to their administrative villages. The treatment plans of the two groups were formulated with reference to the current guidelines. The subjects of the co-management group were jointly managed by a fixed team composed of diabetes specialists from Jimusar Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, community general practitioners and community nurses from Quanzijie Health Clinic, and required to attend diabetes education courses every month. The diabetes specialist of Jimusar Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital was responsible for the formulation and management of the treatment plan of the research object. Follow-up was fulfilled once every 4 weeks for 24 weeks in two groups. Before and after intervention, blood glucose, blood pressure, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as well as the utilization rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) were collected. Results: A total of 115 patients accomplished this study with 54 patients in co-management group and 61 patients in specialist management group. After 24 weeks of intervention, fasting glucose level, postprandial glucose level 2 hours after breakfast, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Log UACR in co-management group and specialists management group were significantly decreased compared with baseline [fasting glucose level (mmol/L): 8.06±1.92 vs. 9.16±2.83, 8.21±2.10 vs. 9.06±1.89; postprandial glucose level 2 hours after breakfast (mmol/L): 12.26±3.78 vs. 14.11±5.28, 12.47±3.63 vs. 14.00±3.88; HbA1c: 0.074±0.014 vs. 0.082±0.023, 0.076±0.014 vs. 0.081±0.016; Log UACR (mg/g): 1.63±1.56 vs. 2.25±1.44, 1.84±1.65 vs. 2.43±1.56, all P < 0.05], but there was no statistical significance between the two groups [fasting glucose level (mmol/L): -1.10±0.47 vs. -0.85±0.36, postprandial glucose level 2 hours after breakfast (mmol/L): -1.85±0.88 vs. -1.53±0.68, HbA1c: -0.008±0.004 vs. -0.006±0.003, Log UACR (mg/g): -0.61±0.29 vs. -0.59±0.29, all P < 0.05]. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, serum creatinine and eGFR in the two groups before and after intervention. There were 18 and 24 patients with hypertension in co-management group and specialist management group, respectively. The utilization rates of ACEI/ARB in both groups after intervention were significantly higher than those before intervention [88.9% (16/18) vs. 22.2% (4/18), 95.8% (23/24) vs. 29.2% (7/24), both P < 0.01]. At the end of the study, the utilization rate of ACEI/ARB was similar between the two groups [88.9% (16/18) vs. 95.8% (23/24), P > 0.05]. Conclusion Both "diabetes specialists-community general practitioners-community nurse co-management mode" and "diabetes specialist management mode" can effectively decrease glucose levels and UACR levels of patients with type 2 diabetes as well as the standard use of antihypertensive agents, which has positive effects on the prevention and treatment on DN.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of "diabetes specialists-community general practitioners-community nurse co-management mode" and "diabetes specialist management mode" on diabetic nephropathy (DN) in primary medical institutions. METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to Quanzijie Health Clinic of Jimusar County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from October 2017 to March 2018 were enrolled. The Patients were divided into co-management group or specialist management group according to their administrative villages. The treatment plans of the two groups were formulated with reference to the current guidelines. The subjects of the co-management group were jointly managed by a fixed team composed of diabetes specialists from Jimusar Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, community general practitioners and community nurses from Quanzijie Health Clinic, and required to attend diabetes education courses every month. The diabetes specialist of Jimusar Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital was responsible for the formulation and management of the treatment plan of the research object. Follow-up was fulfilled once every 4 weeks for 24 weeks in two groups. Before and after intervention, blood glucose, blood pressure, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as well as the utilization rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) were collected. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients accomplished this study with 54 patients in co-management group and 61 patients in specialist management group. After 24 weeks of intervention, fasting glucose level, postprandial glucose level 2 hours after breakfast, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Log UACR in co-management group and specialists management group were significantly decreased compared with baseline [fasting glucose level (mmol/L): 8.06±1.92 vs. 9.16±2.83, 8.21±2.10 vs. 9.06±1.89; postprandial glucose level 2 hours after breakfast (mmol/L): 12.26±3.78 vs. 14.11±5.28, 12.47±3.63 vs. 14.00±3.88; HbA1c: 0.074±0.014 vs. 0.082±0.023, 0.076±0.014 vs. 0.081±0.016; Log UACR (mg/g): 1.63±1.56 vs. 2.25±1.44, 1.84±1.65 vs. 2.43±1.56, all P < 0.05], but there was no statistical significance between the two groups [fasting glucose level (mmol/L): -1.10±0.47 vs. -0.85±0.36, postprandial glucose level 2 hours after breakfast (mmol/L): -1.85±0.88 vs. -1.53±0.68, HbA1c: -0.008±0.004 vs. -0.006±0.003, Log UACR (mg/g): -0.61±0.29 vs. -0.59±0.29, all P < 0.05]. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, serum creatinine and eGFR in the two groups before and after intervention. There were 18 and 24 patients with hypertension in co-management group and specialist management group, respectively. The utilization rates of ACEI/ARB in both groups after intervention were significantly higher than those before intervention [88.9% (16/18) vs. 22.2% (4/18), 95.8% (23/24) vs. 29.2% (7/24), both P < 0.01]. At the end of the study, the utilization rate of ACEI/ARB was similar between the two groups [88.9% (16/18) vs. 95.8% (23/24), P > 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS Both "diabetes specialists-community general practitioners-community nurse co-management mode" and "diabetes specialist management mode" can effectively decrease glucose levels and UACR levels of patients with type 2 diabetes as well as the standard use of antihypertensive agents, which has positive effects on the prevention and treatment on DN.
Blood Glucose ; Creatinine ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Humans ; Prospective Studies

Aim To the investigate the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 in Alzheimer's disease ( AD)-like neurotoxicity model induced by okadaic acid ( OKA) in the cellular level , and explore the mecha-nism preliminarily. Methods The PC12 cells model, simulate neurons, induced by OKA was given Rg1 (1, 5,10 μmol·L-1), and melatonin (Melat) 10 μmol· L-1 was given as a positive control. MTT and LDH were carried out to assess the cell viability and mortality. To detect the accumulation of ROS, the DCFH-DA fluores-cent probe was conducted. And to assess the change of the activity of a variety of antioxidant enzymes, various kits were used, including ABTS、CAT、SOD、GSH-Px and GSSG/GSH. Results Compared with the control group, the survival rate of PC12 cell in OKA group re-duces significantly, the mortality rate was increased sig-nificantly , the number of early apoptotic cells was in-creased significantly (P<0. 01). Oxidative stress-relat-ed indicators show that ROS accumulation within the cells of OKA group increases significantly ( P<0. 01 ) , and the total antioxidant capacity ( ABTS ) decreases significantly ( P < 0. 01 ) , the activity of peroxidase (Catalase, CAT) (P <0. 01), glutathione peroxidase (glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) and superoxide dis-mutase ( superoxide dismutase, SOD) decreased signifi-cantly ( P <0. 05 ) , the rate of GSSG/GSH increased significantly ( P <0. 01 ) . Compared with the model group, the different doses of Rg1 could improve the sur-vival rate and decrease the mortality rate of PC12 cell significantly in the group of OKA, and could decrease the level of the accumulation of ROS, improve the activ-ity of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rg1 can decrease PC12 cell apoptosis by exerting an-tioxidant effects, and protect the nerve cells in AD-like pathology model induced by OKA.

Aim To investigate the role of chemokine-like factor 1 ( CKLF1 ) in SH-SY5 Y cell migration and its molecular regulatory mechanism. Methods SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with CKLF1 for 0. 5 h, 2 h, 8 h and 24 h, respectively. The migration distance and the percentage of migration cells were recorded by CELLocate analysis. The phosphorylation of focal ad-hesion kinase ( FAK) at Tyr-397 site was detected by Western blot analysis. By chemotaxis assays, we con-firmed the chemotaxis of CKLF1. Furthermore, FAK inhibitor PF-573228 and PLCγ inhibitor U73122 were used for the research of molecular regulatory mecha-nisms involved. Results CKLF1 promoted cell migra-tion and induced a strong increase in the phosphoryla-tion level of FAK-pY397 , which were significantly at-tenuated by the presence of U73122 ( a specific inhibi-tor for PLCγ) . In addition, the chemotaxis of CKLF1 was obviously blocked by the FAK inhibitor PF-573228 . Conclusion CKLF1 induces SH-SY5 Y cell migration via PLCγ/FAK signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of morroniside on hematocrit percentage in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.Methods After the modified model induced with occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAO) with suture embolus, morroniside was administered intragastrically at the dose of 30 mg/kg (n=8), 90 mg/kg (n=8), and 270 mg/kg (n=8) once a day for 7 d. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) was used as positive drug (n=8). Hematocrit percentage was measured with automatic blood tester. Results Compared with the sham group, hematocrit percentage of the model group significantly increased (P<0.001), but increased less in those treated with morroniside and ASA (P<0.05). Conclusion Morroniside could inhibit the increase of hematocrit percentage in MCAO rats.

Objective To explore the effects of morroniside on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Methods 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group, morroniside dose groups (30 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 270 mg/kg) and acetyl salicilic acid (ASA) group (10 mg/kg). The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in all rats except the sham group. Born's turbidimetry was used to measure platelet aggregation rate in rats of MCAO model (in vivo). Results Compared with the model group, the platelet aggregation decreased significantly in the morroniside high dose group (P<0.001). Conclusion Morroniside has the effect of anti-platelet aggregation in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

Objective To explore the effects of morroniside on Ca2++ in the condition of platelet aggregation in rabbits induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Methods The mobilization of cytosolic-free calcium after platelet aggregation induced by ADP was detected by Ca2++-sensitive fluorescent indicator, Fura-2 AM and time scan measurement. Results Compared with the controls, morroniside significantly inhibited the increase of Ca2++ induced by ADP (P<0.001). Conclusion Morroniside acts as an effective platelet aggregative antagonist by inhibiting the increase of platelet Ca2++.

Objective To study the effects of morroniside on thromboxane B2 in the condition of platelet aggregation in rabbits inducedby adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Methods The level of TXB2 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ResultsCompared with the controls, morroniside significantly inhibited the increase of TXB2 induced by ADP (P<0.001). Conclusion Morronisidecan inhibit the level of TXB2 by inhibiting the platelet aggregation in rabbits induced by ADP.