Aim To investgate the mechnism through which ginkgolides affect learning and memory capabilities of the Alzheimers disease-like rats. Methods Okadaic acid(OA)was injected into the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus and the rats were gavaged with ginkgolides. The learning and memory abilities of the rats were assessed through Morris water maze behavioral test, and the expressions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and ChAT were observed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively.Results Compared with the control rats, the capabilities of learning and memory were lowered significantly(P

Accidents, Occupational ; Hand Injuries ; epidemiology ; Humans

Objective To investigate the effect of transplantation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (CB-MSCs) on the levels of NGF and BDNF in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explore its possible mechanism of cerebral protection. Methods Ninety healthy male SD rats were equally randomized into sham-operated group, injury control group and treatment group.TBI models in the injury control group and treatment group were induced by the improved device of Feeney weight-dropping; the rats in the treatment group were injected Brdu-labeled 3×106 CB-MSCs solved in 1ml PBS by rat-tail vein, while the rats in the sham-operated group and the injury control group were injected the equal volume of PBS solution. No immunosuppressive agents were used in all the rats.HE staining, immunohistochemistry, in-situ hybridization were employed, respectively, to detect the morphological changes, Brdu positive cells, expressions of BDNF and NGF on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th d of injection. Results Only a very small number of nerve cells were BDNF and/or NGF positive in the sham-operated group. Substantial BDNF and/or NGF positive cells in the injury control group were noted in the surrounding brain damaged area following traumatic brain injury, which peaked at their levels on about 14 d of injection (the A value of NGF=8.35±1.07, that of BDNF=9.01±1.74), following by a gradual decline; however, significant difference was still noted as compared with that in the sham-operated group (P＜0.05). BDNF and/or NGF-positive cells significantly increased in the treatment group, especially in the surrounding brain injured areas; their levels peaked on the 14th d of injection,following by a gradual decline on the 21st and 28th d, but they were still higher than those in the injury control group and sham-operated group at each time points (P＜0.05). Conclusion Transplantation of CB-MSCs can increase the secretion of BDNF and NGF in rats with TBI, improve the local micro-damage environment and promote the repair of neurons.

Root rot is one of the major diseases of Panax ginseng cultivated in northeastern farmlands. This study aims to identify pathogens that causing ginseng root rot disease, verify inhibiting effects of perilla crude extracts on the pathogens and present the basis for control of ginseng root rot. The species of root rot pathogens was isolated using the tissue isolation. The morphological analysis showed that the strain contained two forms of conidia, one was sickle-shaped or columnar and the other was large oval. There were obvious separations in the conidia. Based on the molecular analysis, sequence of 18s rDNA from this strain showed 100% homology with that of Fusarium oxysporum JF807402.1 by Blast. The results confirmed that F. oxysporum was the pathogenic strain for root rot of ginseng cultivated in farmlands. Inhibiting effects of perilla crude extracts were evaluated by the method of Oxford cup. The results indicated that 0.50 g•L⁻¹ of the perilla crude extract showed better sensitivity on the pathogenic strain, and its bacteriostatic diameters were 11.75 mm. The species of root rot pathogens of ginseng cultivated in farmlands was confirmed in this study. Our results presented materials for exploitation of botanical pesticide against root rot, and guaranteed the successful development of ginseng cultivated in farmland.

This study has revealed the change of the soil micro-ecology of farmlands, which used for ginseng cultivation, brought by comprehensive soil improvement. The process of soil improvement was described as follows： soil was sterilized using trichloronitromethane, and then perilla seeds were planted. After growing up, the perillas were turned over into the field and fermented, then organic fertilizer was added. Rotary tillages were carried out during the intervals. Physical and chemical properties of treated soil were measured, as well as microbial diversity, which was illustrated using 16s high through-put sequencing. The survival rate and growth data of ginseng seedlings were recorded. The analysis showed that after improvement, the soil organic matter content was increased and soil bulk density was decreased, compare to the controls, and the fertility in 0-20 cm of soil layer was increased in the treatment. Additionally, the soil microbial diversity was changed greatly. In detail, alpha diversity of the soil decreased after soil improvement while the beta diversity increased. In order to verify the achievement of soil improvement, ginseng seedlings were planted. Compared to the untreated land blocks, the survival rate of ginseng on improved blocks was increased up to 21.4%, and the ginseng physiological index were all better than the controls. Results showed that comprehensive soil improvements including soil sterilization, green manure planting and organic fertilization application effectively improved the soil micro-ecology in farmlands. This study will pave the way for the future standardization of ginseng cultivation on farmlands.