The fermentation conditions of high 1.3 -propanediol-producing strain E. aero-N-56 were determined in this Paper. The optimum conditions of producing 1.3-PD were: initial pH 7.0, temperature 30℃, culture time 48 h, inoculum size 9% . Under the optimum conditions: the 1.3-PD productivity reached up to 23.68 g/L?d; the 1,3-PD yield of E. aero-N-56 up to 47.36 g/L in 30 L fermentor.

Objective To identify measles vaccine failures in Tianjin,China using a measles virus IgG avidity assay.Methods The China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) was used to collect information about measles cases and blood specimens in Tianjin from 2013 to 2015.Measles-specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).Avidity testing for measles IgG was performed using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA).Results A total of 284 confirmed measles cases were identified.Of this total,262 (92.25％) were in patients aged ≥ 20 years.High avidity was exhibited in 172 (60.56％) cases,while 80 (28.17％) cases demonstrated low avidity.High avidity was detected in only 21.43％ of cases in patients aged ＜ 1 year.The proportion of high avidity increased with age,and was significantly higher in patients aged 30-39 years at 70.07％ (x2 =17.27,P =0.002).Of the 52 measles cases in patients with a history of vaccinations,41 (78.85％) cases showed high avidity,indicating secondary vaccine failures (SVF).In these vaccinations,there was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05) in clinical severity between high avidity and low avidity cases.However,regardless of vaccination status,clinical severity was significantly lower in high avidity cases (P ＜ 0.001) than in low avidity cases.The percentages of positive measles IgM results in high avidity and low avidity cases were 66.28％ and 91.25％,respectively.Geometric Mean Concentration (GMC) was significantly lower in high avidity cases at 33.73 U/mL,compared to 166.07 U/mL in low avidity cases.Conclusions Low clinical severity and inconclusive IgM antibody results are more likely in high avidity measles cases.Measles cases were more common in adults.Therefore,a further dose of vaccines should be recommended for 30-39 years in Tianjin.

This paper aims to summarize the achievements during the implementation process of good agricultural practice (GAP) in Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), and on basis of analyzing the existing problems of GAP, to propose further implementation of GAP in TCM growing. Since the launch of GAP in CMM growing ten years ago, it has acquired great achievements, including: (1) The promulgation of a series of measures for the administration of the GAP approval in the CMM growing; (2) The expanded planting area of CMM; (3) The increased awareness of standardized CMM growing among farmers and enterprises; (4) The establishment of GAP implementation bases for CMM growing; (5) The improvement of theory and methodology for CMM growing; (6) The development of a large group of experts and scholars in GAP approval for CMM production. The problems existing in the production include: (1) A deep understanding of GAP and its certification is still needed; (2) The distribution of the certification base is not reasonable; (3) The geo-economics effect and the backward farming practices are thought to be the bottlenecks in the standardization of CMM growing and the scale production of CMM; (4) Low comparative effectiveness limits the development of the GAP; (5) The base of breeding improved variety is blank; (6) The immature of the cultivation technique lead to the risk of production process; (7) The degradation of soil microbial and the continuous cropping obstacle restrict the sustainable development of the GAP base. To further promote the health and orderly GAP in the CMM growing, the authors propose: (1) To change the mode of production; (2) To establish a sound standard system so as to ensure quality products for fair prices; (3) To fully consider the geo-economic culture and vigorously promote the definite cultivating of traditional Chinese medicinal materials; (4) To strengthen the transformation and generalization of basic researches and achievements, in order to provide technical support for the CMM production; (5) To deepen the understanding of GAP, to vigorously promote ecological planting and precision agriculture, in order to overcome the continuous cropping obstacle. The authors think that despite the fact that we are still facing with a huge array of management and technological problems, the GAP in the CMM growing has already enjoyed widespread support and showed great potential. In the future, with people's deeper understanding of GAP and the great progress of the science and technology, the GAP will constantly be fused with the theory, methodology and technology in the modern agriculture like precision agriculture, eco-agriculture and etc.
Agriculture ; economics ; methods ; standards ; trends ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; economics ; standards ; Humans ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; economics ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development

In industrial fermentation of amino acids the cells are often forced to synthesize the biochemicals excessive of their physiological needs. The knowledge of metabolic networks and their regulation relevant usually come from biochemical research, especially from enzymology, not from engineering study. To enrich the knowledge of metabolic sub-network of L-valine syntheses for higher production of L-valine, Corynebacterium glutamicum AS1.495 and its genetic derivatives AA361, AAT231, AATV341 were used for metabolic flux analysis. AS1.495 is a leucine auxotrophic (Leu-), and the three derivatives carry additional mutations. AA361 contains D-aspartic acid-beta-hydroxamate supersensitive marker (Leu-, L-AAHss), AAT231 (Leu-, L-AAHss, 2-TAr) is D-aspartic acid-beta-hydroxamate supersensitive and 2-thiazole alanine resistant, and AAT341 (Leu-, L-AAHss, 2-TAr, Vd-) is a D-aspartic acid-beta-hydroxamate supersensitive, 2-thiazole alanine resistant and valine-decompose-ability imperfect (Vd-). The concentrations of extra-cellular metabolites were determined under sub-steady-state of the batch culture. The metabolic flux distribution maps of the four strains were obtained, compared and analyzed. Our analysis showed that the flux ratio of EMP and HMP from the glucose-6-phosphate had increased from 0.205 in the parental strain AS1.495 to 0.321 in the multiple-mutation strain AATV341; the flux ratio of L-valine synthesis branch and the rest branches from the pyruvate node increased from 0.188 in AS1.495 to 3.29 in AATV341; the flux of lactic acid synthesis branch decreased from 11.1 in AS1.495 to 1.16 in AATV341; the flux of L-valine synthesis branch increased from 5.37 in AS1.495 to 37.3 in AATV341; and the productivity of L-valine correspondently increased from 4 g/L in AS1.495 to 24.5 g/L in AATV341. These results indicate that the introduction of analog supersensitive marker L-AAH55 and/or analog resistant marker 2-TAr skew the metabolic flux towards the formation of L-valine. This study revealed the usefulness of the metabolic flux analysis as a tool for verification of existing production strains. The analysis may play an important role in helping us b to rationally re-design metabolism for further improvement of fermentation process.
Corynebacterium glutamicum ; classification ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase ; metabolism ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Mutation ; Pyruvic Acid ; metabolism ; Valine ; analysis ; biosynthesis

AIMTo explore the effects of periphery injection of L-SOP on the activation of p38MAPK in spinal cord in formalin pain model in rats.

METHODSFourty-eight male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups (n=12): NS group and three different dose of L-SOP groups. For each group, 6 rats used to observe flinching and licking time every as nociception behavior 3 minutes in 1 hour after formalin injected and the other 6 rats used to observe the activation of p38(P-p38) by Western blotting.

RESULTSAll the three different groups of L-SOP could inhibit nociception behavior in the tonic phase,and 250 nmoVl/L and 500 nmol/L groups could suppress not only in the tonic phase but also in the acute phase. 250 nmol/L and 500 nmol/L groups could reduce activated or phosphorylated p38MAPK in spinal cord.

CONCLUSIONPeriphery injection of L-SOP can reduce nociceptive behavior and phosphorylated p38MAPK in the spinal cord in formalin-induced hyperalgia, it is suggested that there is functional expression of mGluRs III in the periphery and is involved in the processing of peripheral noxious informations.

Animals ; Formaldehyde ; Male ; Nociception ; physiology ; Pain ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Phosphoserine ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; physiology ; Spinal Cord ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo analyze the radiological change of intervertebral angles after the short-segment fusion of degenerative lumbar scoliosis.

METHODSFrom January 2001 to May 2007, 28 patients (mean age 62 years old) with degenerative lumbar scoliosis, including 6 male and 22 female, were reviewed retrospectively. The average vertebra number in the lumbar curve were 4.8, ranging from 3 to 6. All the patients underwent posterior decompressive laminotomy, pedicle screw fixation, and posterolateral fusion. The fusion levels were within the curve in all the cases (mean 3.3 vertebrae), without exceeding the end vertebrae. All the patients took standing lumbar antero-posterior and sagittal radiological images pre and post-surgery and upon follow up. The coronal scoliosis Cobb angle, anterior and sagittal intervertebral angles of upper adjacent segment of proximal fused vertebra were measured. The following aspects were also evaluated such as bone graft fusion and complications.

RESULTSFollow up period of 25-97 months, average 50 months; post-operative scoliosis Cobb angle average correction rate was 33.7%, final follow up average correction loss was 3.7 degrees , pre-operative and final follow up results compared with post-operative indicated significant difference (P < 0.05); final follow-up antero-posterior proximal upper fusion segment intervertebral angle compared with pre-operative and postoperative presenting significant difference (P < 0.05). Upon final follow up, all cases did not present pseudo-arthrosis or internal instrumentation related complications.

CONCLUSIONFor degenerative lumbar scoliosis, short-segment fusion can produce limited correction on antero-posterior proximal upper fusion segment intervertebral angle and cannot stop its aggravation.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Scoliosis ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Spinal Fusion ; methods

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical outcomes and losses of correction for posterolateral fusion on low-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis.

METHODSFrom October 2001 to July 2008, 37 patients with a mean age of 60.1 years (range, 27 - 88 years) with low-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis treated with posterolateral fusion, including 9 males and 28 females, were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI). The fusion status and loss of correction were assessed using plain radiographs and CT.

RESULTSAll the 37 patients had got complete follow-up for 14 - 96 months (average 36.4 months); post-operative reduction rate was 76.4%, and 34 patients (91.9%) showed loss of correction with a mean loss rate 5.8% (range, -3.0% - 25.8%). The percentage of slip of pre-operative, post-operative and final follow-up indicated significant difference (P < 0.05)compared with each other; post-operative intervertebral disc height indicated significant difference in comparison with that of pre-operatively and at final follow-up (P < 0.05); lumbar lordosis angle at final follow-up showed significant difference when compared with that of pre-operatively and postoperatively (P < 0.05); VAS and ODI at final follow-up indicated significant difference in contrast to that of pre-operative (P < 0.05). Upon final follow-up, the complications were found in 2 cases who presented degenerative scoliosis at 15 and 17 months after the surgery, in 1 case with cranial adjacent segment retrolisthesis at the 14 months after the surgery, in 1 case with cut-out and breakage of screws at the 24 months after the surgery, and in 1 case with postoperative infection which were cured after debridement.

CONCLUSIONSFor mid-term follow-up of low-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis, posterolateral fusion shows loss of correction in most cases, but presents good clinical outcome and fusion rate.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; methods ; Spondylolisthesis ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUNDMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation may partially restore heart function in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study was to explore the beneficial effects of MSCs modified with heme xygenase-1 (HO-1) on post-infarct swine hearts to determine whether the induction of therapeutic angiogenesis is modified by the angiogenic cytokines released from the implanted cells.

METHODSIn vitro, MSCs were divided into four groups: (1) non-transfected MSCs (MSCs group), (2) MSCs transfected with the pcDNA3.1-Lacz plasmid (Lacz-MSCs group), (3) MSCs transfected with pcDNA3.1-hHO-1 (HO-1-MSCs group), and (4) MSCs transfected with pcDNA3.1-hHO-1 and pretreatment with an HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) (HO-1-MSCs + SnPP group). Cells were cultured in an airtight incubation bottle for 24 hours, in which the oxygen concentration was maintained at < 1%, followed by 12 hours of reoxygenation. After hypoxia/reoxygen treatment, ELISA was used to measure transforming growth factor (TGF-β) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in the supernatant. In vivo, 28 Chinese mini-pigs were randomly allocated to the following treatment groups: (1) control group (saline), (2) Lacz-MSCs group, (3) HO-1-MSCs group, and (4) HO-1-MSCs + SnPP group. About 1 × 10(7) of autologous stem cells or an identical volume of saline was injected intracoronary into porcine hearts 1 hour after MI. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assay and postmortem analysis were assessed four weeks after stem cell transplantation.

RESULTSPost hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro, TGF-β in the supernatant was significantly increased in the HO-1-MSCs ((874.88 ± 68.23) pg/ml) compared with Lacz-MSCs ((687.81 ± 57.64) pg/ml, P < 0.001). FGF-2 was also significantly increased in the HO-1-MSCs ((1106.48 ± 107.06) pg/ml) compared with the Lacz-MSCs ((853.85 ± 74.44) pg/ml, P < 0.001). In vivo, at four weeks after transplantation, HO-1 gene transfer increased the capillary density in the peri-infarct area compared with the Lacz-MSCs group (14.24 ± 1.66/HPFs vs. 11.51 ± 1.34/HPFs, P < 0.001). Arteriolar density was also significantly higher in HO-1-MSCs group than in the Lacz-MSCs group (7.86 ± 2.00/HPFs vs. 6.45 ± 1.74/HPFs, P = 0.001). At the same time, the cardiac function was significantly improved in the HO-1-MSCs group compared with the Lacz-MSCs group ((53.17 ± 3.55)% vs. (48.82 ± 2.98)%, P < 0.05). However, all these effects were significantly abrogated by SnPP.

CONCLUSIONMSCs provided a beneficial effect on cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion by the induction of therapeutic angiogenesis, and this effect was amplified by HO-1 overexpression.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Differentiation ; genetics ; physiology ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature

Adult ; Aged ; Creatinine ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; methods ; Lasers, Semiconductor ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; methods ; Renal Artery ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To observe the effect of intracoronary transfer of autologous HO-1 overexpressed MSCs in porcine model of myocardial ischemia ( 1 h)/reperfusion. Methods Apoptosis was assayed and cytokine concentrations in supernatant were measured in cells exposed to hypoxia-reoxygen in vitro. In vivo, Chinese male mini-pigs were allocated to the following treatment groups; control group (saline), MSCs group (MSCs), MSCs transfected with pcDNA3. 1-nHO-l (HO-1-MSCs). 1 x 107 of autologous stem cells or identical volume of saline was injected intracoronary into porcine hearts 1 h after ischemia. MRI assay and postmortem analysis were assessed 3 months after stem cell transplantation. Results In vitro, cell apoptosis rate post hypoxia-reoxygen was significantly reduced in HO-1- MSCs group ( 30. 30% ±7. 64% ) compared with that in MSCs group (56. 93% ±4. 68% , P <0. 001) and LacZ- MSCs group (55. 88% ± 4. 38% , P < 0. 001) , VEGF was also significantly upregulated in HO-1-MSCs group [(768.44±78.38)pg/ml] compared with that in MSCs group[ (555. 27 ±67. 67)pg/ml, P<0.001] and LacZ-MSCs group [ (522. 97 ± 71. 45 ) pg/ml, P < 0. 001 ] . In vivo, cardiac function was significantly improved in both MSCs transplantation groups compared to saline group (all P<0. 05 vs. saline) and the left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly higher in HO-1-MSCs group compared with that in MSCs group at 3 months after transplantation ( 53. 50% ± 2. 09% vs. 49. 54% ± 2. 74% , P = 0. 017 ), capillary density in the peri-infarct area was also significantly higher in HO-1-MSC group than that in MSCs group [ (14.59 ± 2. 39 )/HPF vs. (11.78 ± 2.48 )/HPF, P = 0.033 ] . Conclusions Efficacy of HO-1 overexpressed MSCs on improving cardiac function and promoting angiogenesis was greater than those by MSCs in this porcine ischemia/reperfusion model.