Nutrition education in elementary school is confronted with the present problem, as a legal basis about obligation of nutrition education in school was clarified. Moreover, it's also important for providing evidence based scientific resources to make a study of evaluating the education effectiveness. Most studies of the nutrition education effectiveness have evaluated the changing dietary attitude and nutritional knowledge score before and after the nutrition education, and suggested the effectiveness of intervention as changing between pre- and post-treatment. Nutrition education, however, purposing long-term changes, follow-up evaluation process about the learned attitude and knowledge of nutrition education were requested. For these reasons, this study attempted to fulfilled standardized nutrition education program which use "Na Story and Food World" and "Na Story for Me", a textbook for the 1st-3rd grade and 4th-6th grade designed by KFDA, and analyzed the changes about the effectiveness of nutrition education happened over a period of time. In this study, each student was assessed their dietary attitude and nutritional knowledge by four periods, before the education, right after the education, after 3 months, and after 6 months. As a result, an average score of nutritional knowledge before the education, 70.08 +/- 17.91, were changed significantly higher right after the education to 85.69 +/- 15.05 (p < 0.001), but it lowered to 84 +/- 15.56 after 3 month. After the nutrition education, students in all grades had positive dietary attitude to Na reduction (p < 0.001). However, the healthy eating attitude about Na reduction had been unable to maintain after 3 and 6 months. Therefore, the systematic reeducated program in elementary school was positively necessary to reinforce children's learning and cognitive skills to maintain healthy eating knowledge and attitude toward Na reduction.
Eating ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Learning

PURPOSE : The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases(17HSDs) play an important role in the regulation of the physiologic activities of sex steroid hormones. The predominance of 17HSD type 1 in the malignant breast tissue could increase the estrogen-dependent proliferation and stimulate the cancer progression. On the other hand, the oxidative 17HSD type 2 may protect the normal breast cells from an excessive estradiol effect. To identify the role of 17HSD type 2 in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer, we investigate the mutation of 17HSD type 2 in 35 breast cancers. METHODS : We analyzed the entire coding region of the 17 HSD type 2 gene for detection of the somatic mutations in 35 invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast by polymerase chain reaction, single strand conformation polymorphism, and DNA sequencing. RESULTS : We found one missense mutation in exon 6(2.86%). It revealed the CCT-->CTT (Pro-->Leu) transition type at codon 262 in exon 6. CONCLUSION : In present study, we found only a mutation of the 17beta -HSD type 2 gene in breast cancer and could not demonstrate the direct relationship between the mutation of the 17beta -HSD type 2 gene and the development of breast cancer. These results suggest that the mutation of 17HSD type 2 doesn? play a major role in the development of breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Clinical Coding ; Codon ; Estradiol ; Exons ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Hand ; Mutation, Missense ; Oxidoreductases* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

PURPOSE : The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases(17HSDs) play an important role in the regulation of the physiologic activities of sex steroid hormones. The predominance of 17HSD type 1 in the malignant breast tissue could increase the estrogen-dependent proliferation and stimulate the cancer progression. On the other hand, the oxidative 17HSD type 2 may protect the normal breast cells from an excessive estradiol effect. To identify the role of 17HSD type 2 in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer, we investigate the mutation of 17HSD type 2 in 35 breast cancers. METHODS : We analyzed the entire coding region of the 17 HSD type 2 gene for detection of the somatic mutations in 35 invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast by polymerase chain reaction, single strand conformation polymorphism, and DNA sequencing. RESULTS : We found one missense mutation in exon 6(2.86%). It revealed the CCT-->CTT (Pro-->Leu) transition type at codon 262 in exon 6. CONCLUSION : In present study, we found only a mutation of the 17beta -HSD type 2 gene in breast cancer and could not demonstrate the direct relationship between the mutation of the 17beta -HSD type 2 gene and the development of breast cancer. These results suggest that the mutation of 17HSD type 2 doesn? play a major role in the development of breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Clinical Coding ; Codon ; Estradiol ; Exons ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Hand ; Mutation, Missense ; Oxidoreductases* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

No abstract available.
DNA* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction*

The management of malignant left colon obstruction remains a difficult problem. Conventional surgical treatment is muti-staged and each stage carries its own morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to identify the feasibility and safety of one stage operation in patients presenting with acute obstruction of the left colon. From January 1991 to June 1996, 29 patients received one stage resection for acutely obstructed carcinoma of the left colon at Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital. Subtotal colectomies were performed in 9 patients(31.0%), left hemicolectomies in 6(20.7%), low anterior resection in 6(20.7%), sigmoid colectomy in 4(13.8%), anterior resection in 4 patients(13.8%). Subtotal colectomy was performed in patients with massively distended colon of dubious viability and to contain ischemic lesions at proximal colon. Total operative mortality was 6.9%: 5% in the immediate resection with anastomosis group, 11.1% in subtotal colectomy group. Complications included wound infection(4), fecal incontinence(2), intestinal obstruction(2), anastomotic leakage(1), upper G-I bleeding(1), postoperative bleeding(1), pulmonary complication(1). Our results suggest that resection and primary anastomosis can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality in patients with acute malignant obstruction of the left colon.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Colectomy ; Colon* ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Humans ; Mortality ; Wounds and Injuries

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation (DLBCL-CI), specifically arising in ileal neobladder, is a rare neoplasm. We present an unusual case of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–positive DLBCL-CI arising within neobladder with detailed clinical, histological, and immunophenotypical features in an immunocompetent patient. An 88-year-old male was admitted for gross hematuria. He had undergone radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder 17 years ago for invasive bladder cancer. Computed tomography showed enhancing lesions on dome and posterior wall of neobladder with mucosal thickening and multiple enlarged retroperitoneal lymphadenopathies. Transurethralresection of neobladder lesion revealed the diffuse infiltration of large lymphoid cells which were positive for CD20, CD30, and multiple myeloma oncogen-1 with EBV-encoded small RNAs co-localizing, and diagnosis of EBV-positive DLBCL-CI was made. After multi-agent chemotherapy, the lesion disappeared. We suggest that clinicians should consider the possibility of DLBCL-CI in patients presented with hematuria during follow-up after bladder reconstruction.
Aged, 80 and over ; B-Lymphocytes ; Cystectomy ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Male ; Multiple Myeloma ; RNA ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

PURPOSE: We diagnosed pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders in Korean children and adolescents using Rome III criteria and investigated the clinical validity of QPGS-Rome III. METHODS: Diagnosis based on QPGS was compared with the physician's diagnosis based on Rome III criteria. One hundred and thirty eight children and their parents completed the QPGS. Agreement rates were measured using Kappa method. RESULTS: In physician's diagnoses, the most prevalent disorders were functional dyspepsia (39.1%), irritable bowel syndrome (38.4%), and functional abdominal pain (18.8%). Among QPGS based diagnoses, the most prevalent disorders were irritable bowel syndrome (39.1%), functional dyspepsia (29.7%), and functional abdominal pain (21.7%). The agreement rate was substantial (kappa=0.72, p=0.00). Diagnostic disagreements probably resulted from different patient responses to bowel movement form and bowel frequency. CONCLUSION: Functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, and functional abdominal pain were the most common disorders by Rome III criteria in the Korean pediatric and adolescent patients. The agreement rate between physician's diagnoses and QPGS based diagnoses supported the validity of the QPGS-Rome III in Korean pediatric and adolescent patients. QPGS seems to be useful in diagnosis of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders by Rome III criteria.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Child ; Dyspepsia ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Parents ; Rome

BACKGROUND: Infectious vaginitis is a common gynecologic disease that is primarily caused by three pathogens (Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Candida species). The aim of this study was to confirm the effects of other infectious vaginitis-related test results on the interpretation of Gram stain and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test results for disease diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 300 vaginal samples were collected from women presenting symptoms of vaginitis. The presence of the three previously mentioned pathogens was evaluated using both a Gram stain and Pap smear test, and interpreted twice by 4 different observers. The first interpretation was performed without any information, and a second interpretation was performed with knowledge of results of an Affirm VPIII test that was used to diagnose infectious vaginitis. The results from the two interpretations were compared and the sensitivity and specificity of both tests were evaluated. RESULTS: For the Gram stain samples, the detection rates of G. vaginalis were increased in the second interpretation by 6.2%, while the detection rates of Candida spp. were decreased by 0.3%. For the Pap smear test samples, the detection rates of G. vaginalis were increased in the second interpretation by 7.0%, and the detection rates of Candida spp. were increased by 2.0%. The sensitivity of both tests was increased in the second interpretation by 5.5% to 66.7%. There was no difference in the specificity between the two interpretations. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that there is significant inter-observer variation when using Gram stain and Pap smear test results to diagnose infectious vaginitis. The detection rates and sensitivity of both tests changed when the results from an additional test were incorporated into the interpretation. Additional studies are needed to develop objective criteria and a standardized interpretation system for the evaluation of results from these diagnostic tests.
Candida ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Female ; Gardnerella vaginalis ; Genital Diseases, Female ; Humans ; Knowledge of Results (Psychology) ; Observer Variation ; Papanicolaou Test* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Vaginitis*

Background: This study analyzed common gynecologic problems among Korean patients younger than ten years. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients younger than ten years who visited the Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Clinic at Samsung Medical Center between 1995 and 2020. Results: Among the 6,605 patients who visited the Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Clinic, data from 642 patients younger than ten years were analyzed in this study. The most common chief complaint was genital anomalies, followed by increased vaginal discharge and abnormal findings on clinical examinations. The most common disease entity was agglutination of the labia minora, which was commonly discovered incidentally during routine screenings. Vulvovaginitis, the second most common disease, was identified by symptoms of vaginal discharge, pruritus, and vaginal spotting. Neoplasm, issues with vaginal bleeding, and “other causes” were additional categories of gynecologic problems.245 patients (38.2%) were referred from primary care sources, 175 patients (27.4%) sought care directly at the clinic, 169 patients (26.3%) were referrals from the institution’s pediatric department, and the remainder were referrals from other departments. Conclusion This study provides information about the gynecologic problems most frequently encountered in pediatric patients. The study provides helpful insight for primary care physicians into the proper management and timing of referrals for these gynecologic problems of pediatric patients.

No abstract available.
Craniopharyngioma*