Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease with a wide range of symptoms. Due to the rapidly changing treatment landscape, regular updates to clinical guidelines are needed. Objective: This study aimed to update the guidelines for the treatment of AD to reflect recent therapeutic advances and evidence-based recommendations. Methods: The Patient characteristics, type of Intervention, Control, and Outcome framework was used to determine 48 questions related to AD management. Evidence was graded, recommendations were determined, and, after 2 voting rounds among the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) council members, consensus was achieved. Results: This guideline provides treatment guidance on advanced systemic treatment modalities for AD. In particular, the guideline offers up-to-date treatment recommendations for biologics and Janus-kinase inhibitors used in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe AD.It also provides guidance on other therapies for AD, along with tailored recommendations for children, adolescents, the elderly, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Conclusion KADA’s updated AD treatment guidelines incorporate the latest evidence and expert opinion to provide a comprehensive approach to AD treatment. The guidelines will help clinicians optimize patient-specific therapies.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease with a wide range of symptoms. Due to the rapidly changing treatment landscape, regular updates to clinical guidelines are needed. Objective: This study aimed to update the guidelines for the treatment of AD to reflect recent therapeutic advances and evidence-based practices. Methods: The Patient characteristics, type of Intervention, Control, and Outcome framework was used to determine 48 questions related to AD management. Evidence was graded, recommendations were determined, and, after 2 voting rounds among the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) council members, consensus was achieved. Results: The guidelines provide detailed recommendations on foundational therapies, including the use of moisturizers, cleansing and bathing practices, allergen avoidance, and patient education. Guidance on topical therapies, such as topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, is also provided to help manage inflammation and maintain skin barrier function in patients with AD. Additionally, recommendations on conventional systemic therapies, including corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and methotrexate, are provided for managing moderate to severe AD. Conclusion KADA’s updated AD guidelines offer clinicians evidence-based strategies focused on basic therapies, topical therapies, and conventional systemic therapies, equipping them to enhance quality of care and improve patient outcomes in AD management.

Background: In 2006, the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) working group released the diagnostic criteria for Korean atopic dermatitis (AD). Recently, more simplified, and practical AD diagnostic criteria have been proposed. Objective: Based on updated criteria and experience, we studied to develop and share a consensus on diagnostic criteria for AD in Koreans. Materials and Methods: For the diagnostic criteria, a questionnaire was constructed by searching the English-language literature in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. A modified Delphi method composed of 3 rounds of email questionnaires was adopted for the consensus process. Fifty-four KADA council members participated in the 3 rounds of votes and expert consensus recommendations were established. Results: Diagnostic criteria for AD include pruritus, eczema with age-specific pattern, and chronic or relapsing history. Diagnostic aids for AD encompass xerosis, immunoglobulin E reactivity, hand–foot eczema, periorbital changes, periauricular changes, perioral changes, nipple eczema, perifollicular accentuation, and personal or family history of atopy. Conclusion This study streamlined and updated the diagnostic criteria for AD in Korea, making them more practicable for use in real-world clinical field.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using ChatGPT in dental morphology education. Dentalmorphology is a fundamental subject in dental education that enables students to understand the structure and function of teeth, which is necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has gained attention as an educational support tool, and large language models like ChatGPT hold great potential to facilitate learners’ understanding through real-time interaction. Methods: This study involved asking GPT-4 questions from the national dental hygiene exam’s dental morphology section from 2021 to 2023, followed by an analysis of its response accuracy. Results: The results showed that GPT-4 demonstrated high accuracy in some questions but lacked consistency depending on thedifficulty and content of the questions. Specifically, GPT-4 was found to struggle with understanding complex tooth morphology and detailed academic concepts. Conclusion These findings suggest that ChatGPT could be a useful educational tool in dental morphology education, althoughsupplementary educational adjustments are necessary. Future research should explore developing a learning environment where AI and educators collaborate to address AI limitations and enhance students’ learning motivation and comprehension.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using ChatGPT in dental morphology education. Dentalmorphology is a fundamental subject in dental education that enables students to understand the structure and function of teeth, which is necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has gained attention as an educational support tool, and large language models like ChatGPT hold great potential to facilitate learners’ understanding through real-time interaction. Methods: This study involved asking GPT-4 questions from the national dental hygiene exam’s dental morphology section from 2021 to 2023, followed by an analysis of its response accuracy. Results: The results showed that GPT-4 demonstrated high accuracy in some questions but lacked consistency depending on thedifficulty and content of the questions. Specifically, GPT-4 was found to struggle with understanding complex tooth morphology and detailed academic concepts. Conclusion These findings suggest that ChatGPT could be a useful educational tool in dental morphology education, althoughsupplementary educational adjustments are necessary. Future research should explore developing a learning environment where AI and educators collaborate to address AI limitations and enhance students’ learning motivation and comprehension.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using ChatGPT in dental morphology education. Dentalmorphology is a fundamental subject in dental education that enables students to understand the structure and function of teeth, which is necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has gained attention as an educational support tool, and large language models like ChatGPT hold great potential to facilitate learners’ understanding through real-time interaction. Methods: This study involved asking GPT-4 questions from the national dental hygiene exam’s dental morphology section from 2021 to 2023, followed by an analysis of its response accuracy. Results: The results showed that GPT-4 demonstrated high accuracy in some questions but lacked consistency depending on thedifficulty and content of the questions. Specifically, GPT-4 was found to struggle with understanding complex tooth morphology and detailed academic concepts. Conclusion These findings suggest that ChatGPT could be a useful educational tool in dental morphology education, althoughsupplementary educational adjustments are necessary. Future research should explore developing a learning environment where AI and educators collaborate to address AI limitations and enhance students’ learning motivation and comprehension.

Background: and Purpose: Dementia subtypes, including Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), pose diagnostic challenges. This review examines the effectiveness of 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography ( 18 F-FDG PET) in differentiating these subtypes for precise treatment and management. Methods: A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted using databases like PubMed and Embase to identify studies on the diagnostic utility of 18 F-FDG PET in dementia. The search included studies up to November 16, 2022, focusing on peer-reviewed journals and applying the goldstandard clinical diagnosis for dementia subtypes. Results: From 12,815 articles, 14 were selected for final analysis. For AD versus FTD, the sensitivity was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–0.98) and specificity was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.70–0.92). In the case of AD versus DLB, 18F-FDG PET showed a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.88-0.98) and specificity of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.70–0.92). Lastly, when differentiating AD from non-AD dementias, the sensitivity was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91) and the specificity was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91). The studies mostly used case-control designs with visual and quantitative assessments. Conclusions 18 F-FDG PET exhibits high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating dementia subtypes, particularly AD, FTD, and DLB. This method, while not a standalone diagnostic tool, significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy in uncertain cases, complementing clinical assessments and structural imaging.

Thyroid surgery complications include voice change, vocal fold paralysis, and hypoparathyroidism. The voice status should be evaluated pre- and post-surgery. In patients with voice change, laryngeal visualization is needed.Intraoperative neuromonitoring helps reduce recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The measurement of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels is recommended to evaluate perioperative parathyroid function and prescribe supplementation preoperatively if necessary. For postoperative hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D and oral calcium supplementation are indicated based on serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels and the severity of symptoms or signs of hypocalcemia. If long-term treatment is required, the appropriateness of treatment should be evaluated based on the disease itself and the consideration of potential benefits and harms from long-term replacement.

Differentiated thyroid cancer demonstrates a wide range of clinical presentations, from very indolent cases to those with an aggressive prognosis. Therefore, diagnosing and treating each cancer appropriately based on its risk status is important. The Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) has provided and amended the clinical guidelines for thyroid cancer management since 2007. The main changes in this revised 2024 guideline include 1) individualization of surgical extent according to pathological tests and clinical findings, 2) application of active surveillance in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, 3) indications for minimally invasive surgery, 4) adoption of World Health Organization pathological diagnostic criteria and definition of terminology in Korean, 5) update on literature evidence of recurrence risk for initial risk stratification, 6) addition of the role of molecular testing, 7) addition of definition of initial risk stratification and targeting thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations according to ongoing risk stratification (ORS), 8) addition of treatment of perioperative hypoparathyroidism, 9) update on systemic chemotherapy, and 10) addition of treatment for pediatric patients with thyroid cancer.

Background: Scabies, a common contagious skin disease caused by ectoparasites, is a significant public health concern in healthcare facilities, including tertiary hospitals. Objective: This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with scabies. We focused on determining whether patient-related factors such as height, weight, underlying diseases, mobility, mental alertness, cognitive impairment, catheter insertion, and the presence of caregivers influenced the failure of the initial diagnosis or treatment. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 81 patients who were diagnosed with scabies during hospitalization between January 2011 and June 2023. Results: Of the 81 patients, 45 (55.6%) were male, with a mean age of 76.5 years. The most common primary diagnosis was an infectious disease (66.7%). The main suspected routes of infection were care facilities (63.5%) for patients who already had pruritic skin lesions before admission, and contact with caregivers (80.0%) for patients who developed new skin lesions after admission. The initial consultation failed to diagnose scabies in 19.8% of the patients, and among those, 62.5% had not undergone initial microscopic examination. Patients who were initially misdiagnosed had significantly longer hospitalizations and scabies treatment durations. Among the patients who underwent follow-up microscopic examination after the initial treatment, 60.0% showed positive results. Overall, 54.2% of the patients experienced initial treatment failure. Patient-related factors did not significantly differ between patients with and without initial diagnostic failure and between patients with and without initial treatment failure. Conclusion Dermatologists should consider performing microscopic examinations more frequently in hospitalized patients to improve diagnostic accuracy. Considering the high treatment failure rate, follow-up microscopic evaluation is recommended after initial treatment.