No abstract available.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify correlations among emotional labor, servant leadership, and communication competence in hospital nurses. METHODS: A self-administrated survey was conducted with a convenient sample of 210 nurses, using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. RESULTS: The mean emotional labor score was 3.4+/-0.60. There was very strong and negative correlation between emotional labor and servant leadership (r=-.896, p<.001). Communication competence was positively correlated with servant leadership (r=.298, p<.001) and moderately and negatively correlated with both frequency of emotional labor (r=-.166, p=.016) and the degree of attention to emotional expression (r=-.143, p=.039). CONCLUSION: As a strategy to reduce emotional labor of hospital nurses, the findings suggest training programs for nurses to enhance servant leadership and communication competence.
Education ; Leadership* ; Mental Competency* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Primary ovarian pregnancy is one of the rerest types of extrauterine pregnancy. But an increase in the reported prevalence of ovarian pregnancies was published in recent years. Three cases of ovarian pregnancy which have Spiegelberg criteria are presented with a brief review of literatures.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic* ; Prevalence

We produced two murine monoclonal antibodies designated S2E1 and S2C11, which recognize S antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg). S2E1 could bind to denatured form of recombinant HBsAg as well as native form of HBsAg, but S2C11 could bind only to native form of HBsAg. Both antibodies reacted with HBsAg in the hepatocyte of patient infected with hepatitis B virus. Analyses of the nucleotide sequences encoding the variable regions of these antibodies revealed that S2E1 and S2C11 utilize variable gene segment which belong to V4/5 gene family and utilize the J5 and Jk4 gene segments, respectively. In addition, the heavy chain of S2E1 express a member of V14 gene family and a member of DSP2.9 and Jh3 gene families. S2C11 is related to the V1 gene family and expresses DFL16.1 gene regions in conjunction with the Jh3 gene segment.
Antibodies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal* ; Base Sequence ; Clone Cells* ; Cloning, Organism* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Hepatocytes ; Humans

No abstract available.
Humans ; Mothers*

Embryos of most mammalian species grown in vitro would undergo developmental arrest at the approximate time of genomic activation. Stage-specific cell block and the resulting rapid loss of embryo viability in conventional culture media have limited the duration for which embryos may be cultured prior to transfer. As a result, embryos are usually transferred to the uterus at the 4-to 8-cell stage to avoid the loss of viability associated with long-term in vitro culture. Early transfer has led to asynchrony of the endometrium-trophectoderm interaction at the time of implantation and a resultant reduction in the rate of implantation. To overcome these problems, a variety of co-culture systems has been devised in which embryos can develop for a longer period prior to embryo transfer. Vero cells, derived from African green monkey kidney, share a common embryologic origin with cells from the genital tract. In addition, they are potentially safe to use, since they are highly controlled for viruses and other contaminants. Therefore, co-culture using Vero cells has been widely utilized to enhance embryo viability and development, although not without controversies. We thus designed a series of experiments to demonstrate whether Vero cells do indeed enhance mouse embryo development as well as to compare the efficacy of co-culturing mouse 1-cell embryos on Vero cell monolayer in both Ham's F-10 and human tubal fluid (HTF) culture media. 1-cell stage ICR mouse embryos were cultured either in the presence of Vero cells (Group A) or in conventional culture medium alone (Group B). In Ham's F-10 significantly more 3-to-8cell embryos developed in group A than group B (59.8 versus 10.0%; F<0.01). In contrast, there was no significant difference in embryonic development both group A and group B in HTF. However, significant differences were noted only in later embryonic stage (13 and 0%; p<0.05 of group A and B respectively, hatching or hatched). In Ham's F-10, we also could observe the beneficial effect of Vero cell on hatching process (70.7 and 42.1%; p<0.05 of group A and group B respectively).
Animals ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Coculture Techniques* ; Culture Media ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Development* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pregnancy ; Uterus ; Vero Cells*

No abstract available.
Pregnancy Rate* ; Pregnancy*

A female fetus with short rib(polydactyly) syndrome, Beemer-Langer type was terminated at 28 week's gestation because of abnormalities visualized on sonography. We present the clinical, radiological and autopsy findings of this case with a brief review of the literatures.
Autopsy ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; Polydactyly* ; Pregnancy ; Ribs*

No accepted standard currently exists to classify asphyxia and define its subtypes. Sauvageau and Boghossian proposed an asphyxia classification system in 2010 that divided asphyxia into suffocation, strangulation, mechanical asphyxia, and drowning. Here, we present a modification of this classification system. We propose to classify asphyxia into four main categories: suffocation, strangulation, mechanical asphyxia, and complicated asphyxia. Suffocation includes smothering and choking as well as confined spaces, entrapment, and vitiated atmosphere. Strangulation is subdivided into hanging, ligature strangulation, manual strangulation, and other unspecified strangulation. Mechanical asphyxia includes positional and traumatic asphyxia. Finally, complicated asphyxia is defined as cases with two or more identifiable mechanisms of asphyxia. In this study, we review autopsy cases from 2012 diagnosed as asphyxia and classify them according to our proposed asphyxia classification system. In 24.7% of cases, the age range was 40-49 years, and 51.9% were men. The most common method of asphyxia was hanging (245 cases, 55.1%), followed by ligature or manual strangulation (53 cases, 11.9%). Most hangings were suicides; smothering, ligature, and manual strangulation were usually homicides. Eighteen cases were complicated asphyxia. This classification provides a simplified, unified, and useful tool to classify and understand deaths due to asphyxia.
Airway Obstruction ; Asphyxia* ; Atmosphere ; Autopsy* ; Classification* ; Confined Spaces ; Drowning ; Homicide ; Humans ; Korea* ; Ligation ; Male ; Suicide

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells that can activate naive T cells. Mature DCs exress high levels of MHC and costimulatory molecules on their surface and have capacity to produce IL-12, a 75 kDa heterodimeric cytokine composed of p35 and p40 subunit. IL-12 is currently thought to be one of most critical determinants for skewing the immune response towards Th1. Expression of IL-12 in dendritic cells seems to be regulated by various stimuli including CD40L. In the present study we investigated expression of IL-12 in mature DCs, which were cultured from bone marrow cells in the presence of GM-CSF. Maturity of the DCs was confirmed by morphologic characteristics, immunophenotypes, and allostimulatory activities. Exprssion levels of IL-12 p40 in the DCs were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Increases in IL-12 p40 expression were observed after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an anti-MHC class II monoclonal antibody, or an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. The most remarkable increases, however, were observed in the DCs treated with an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. These results support a previous notion that signals through CD40/CD40L interaction may be important for the production of IL-12 by DCs. Moreover, results of this study show a possibility of using monoclonal antibodies against CD40 molecules for preparing DCs producing high amount of IL-12, which can be used for anti-tumor or anti-viral immunotherapy.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; Bone Marrow Cells ; CD40 Ligand ; Dendritic Cells* ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Immunotherapy ; Interleukin-12* ; Mice* ; T-Lymphocytes