Chronic inflammatory reaction has been established as an important sign of the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus (DM), accompanied by the production of a large number of inflammatory factors, thus aggravating the disease progression. As an important non-invasive intervention measure to inhibit inflammation, exercise plays a very important role in the amelioration of DM. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a regulatory factor of inflammatory response, can induce a variety of inflammatory cascades and cell death, which are closely related to glucose uptake and dyslipidemia regulation. The development of DM can be postponed with exercise. Previous studies have reported the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome on DM, but the crucial role of exercise in this process remains unclear. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress on the improving effects of exercise intervention on the symptoms of DM by mediating NLRP3 inflammasome, providing a novel theoretical foundation for understanding the prevention and treatment of DM through exercise.
Humans ; Inflammasomes/metabolism* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; NLR Proteins ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Inflammation ; Exercise Therapy

OBJECTIVES: To explore the possible mechanism of Shao's five-needle therapy pretreatment on relieving airway inflammatory response in asthmatic rats. METHODS: Forty SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, an acupuncture group, and a medication group, with 10 rats in each group. Except the blank group, asthma model was established by aerosol inhalation of ovalbumin in the other 3 groups. The rats in the acupuncture group were treated with acupuncture at "Dazhui" (GV 14) and bilateral "Feishu" (BL 13) and "Fengmen" (BL 12), with each session lasting for 20 min. Acupuncture was given before each motivating, once daily for 7 consecutive days. The rats in the medication group were treated with intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution before each motivating, once daily for 7 days. General situation of the rats was observed in each group; ELISA method was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in serum; immunofluorescence staining method was performed to assess the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung tissues; Western blot method was used to measure the protein expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and Caspase-1 in lung tissues. RESULTS: The rats in the blank group exhibited normal behavior, while those in the model group showed signs of respiratory distress, ear scratching, cheek rubbing, and dysphoria. Compared with the model group, the rats in the acupuncture group and the medication group showed stable respiration and relatively agile responses. Compared with those in the blank group, the serum levels of IL-18 and IL-1β were elevated (P<0.01), the expression intensity of ROS was increased, and the protein expressions of TXNIP, NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 in lung tissues were increased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with those in the model group, the serum levels of IL-18 and IL-1β were reduced (P<0.01), the expression intensity of ROS was lowered, and the protein expressions of TXNIP, NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 in lung tissues were reduced (P<0.01) in the acupuncture group and the medication group. Compared with the medication group, the protein expression of ASC in lung tissue was reduced in the acupuncture group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment of Shao's five-needle therapy could alleviate airway inflammatory response in asthmatic rats by reducing ROS levels and decreasing the aggregation and activation of pathway-related proteins in the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway, ultimately leading to decreased secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. This mechanism may contribute to the effectiveness of Shao's five-needle therapy in preventing and treating asthma.
Rats ; Animals ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Interleukin-18/metabolism* ; NLR Proteins ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Asthma/metabolism* ; Caspases ; Cell Cycle Proteins

The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key regulator of the host's immune response, and many immune and metabolic disorders are linked to its activation. This review aimed to investigate and clarify the relationship between this inflammasome and high-risk reproductive disorders. Papers cited here were retrieved from PubMed up to August 2020 using the keywords "NLRP3" or "NALP3", "caspase-1", "endometriosis", "gestational diabetes", "interleukin (IL)-18", "IL-1β", "pre-eclampsia (PE)", "preterm birth", "polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)", "recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA)", and combinations of these terms. The results show that NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with various high-risk reproductive disorders and many inflammatory factors are secreted during its activation, such as IL-1β induced during the development of endometriosis. PCOS is also associated with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, especially in overweight patients. It also participates in the pathogenesis of RSA and is activated in fetal membranes before preterm birth. The placentas of pregnant women with PE show higher expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and gestational diabetes mellitus occurs simultaneously with its activation. Current evidence suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in female reproductive disorders. New treatment and management methods targeting it might help reduce the incidence of such disorders and improve neonatal outcomes.
Caspase 1 ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammasomes ; Interleukin-1beta ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; NLR Proteins ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; Risk Assessment

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Xingnao Kaiqiao (regaining consciousness and opening orifices) acupuncture therapy on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats, and to explore the mechanism of acupuncture against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: Seventy-two male SD rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, a model group, an acupuncture group and a non-point acupuncture group, with 18 rats in each one. Using modified Longa thread embolization method, the rat model of acute focal cerebral ischemia was prepared; and after 2 h ischemia, the reperfusion was performed to prepared the model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Immediately after reperfusion, Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture method was applied to bilateral "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Shuigou" (GV 26) in the acupuncture group, while in the non-point acupuncture group, acupuncture was delivered at non-points and all of the needles were retained for 30 min in these two groups. The samples were collected 24 h after reperfusion in the rats of each group. Zea-Longa neurological deficit score was used to evaluate the degree of cerebral neurological impairment, TTC staining was adopted to observe the volume percentage of cerebral infarction, HE staining was provided to observe the morphological changes of brain, and Western blot was applied for detecting the expression of HIF-1α and NLRP3 proteins in the cerebral cortex on the right side. RESULTS: Compared with the sham-operation group, neurological deficit score and volume percentage of cerebral infarction were increased in the model group (P<0.01), and HIF-1α and NLRP3 protein expression was elevated (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, neurological deficit score and volume percentage of cerebral infarction were decreased (P<0.01), and HIF-1α and NLRP3 protein expression was lower (P<0.01) in the acupuncture group. There was no significant difference in above indexes in the non-point acupuncture group compared with the model group (P>0.05). Compared with the sham-operation group, the brain tissue of the rats in the model group and the non-point acupuncture group was loose and edema, and the nuclei were shriveled. The brain tissue morphology in the acupuncture group was similar to that of the sham-operation group. CONCLUSION Acupuncture can alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of HIF-1α/NLRP3 signaling pathway to attenuate inflammatory response.
Male ; Animals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics* ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Reperfusion Injury/therapy* ; Brain Ischemia/therapy* ; Cerebral Infarction/therapy* ; NLR Proteins

Carrier Proteins ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Silicosis ; pathology

Inflammasome is one of the pattern recognition receptors whose activation directly relates to the maturity and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1Β and IL-18. Thus, it plays an important role in the humoral immunity. A growing number of studies have found that inflammasome has a close relationship with the pathogenesis of various diseases including atherosclerosis,diabetes, and gout. However,the activation of the inflammasome and its specific regulatory mechanisms remain not clear. This article reviews the possible regulatory mechanisms of the inflammasome NLRP3 in terms of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress,and autophagy reaction.
Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-1beta ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein

The innate immune system provides a first line of defense against invading pathogens, in which the pattern recognition receptors (PRR) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and initiate the downstream signaling pathways to eliminate the encountered pathogens. There are two main classes of such signaling pathways: NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The microbial pathogens under selective pressure have evolved numerous mechanisms to avoid and/or manipulate the NLR and TLR signal transduction for survival and replication. To evade the NLR signaling pathway, pathogens interfere and/or inhibit inflammasome activation in innate immune cells by producing virulence factors or reducing PAMPs expression. The mechanisms for pathogens to evade TLR signaling pathway include: inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascade reaction, inhibition of NF-КB activation, and interference of down-stream signal transduction by producing Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-containing proteins which bind directly with TLRs or adaptor proteins in the signaling pathway.
Immunity, Innate ; NLR Proteins ; immunology ; Receptors, Interleukin-1 ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors ; immunology

Diabetes has become a global epidemic disease now. Its chronic progressive deterioration and the acuteand chronic complications affect the quality of the patients' lives seriously. The prevention and treatment of diabetes has become one of the research focuses in recent years. NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome can recognize the metabolic stress signals, and cause caspase-1 activation and interleukin-lp (IL-1p) production, and is closely related to diabetes development. The latest studies have shown that NLRP3 inflammasome will be a new potential target for the treatment of diabetes. This article reviews the activation and regulation of NL-RP3 inflammasome, and the effect of NLRP3 inflammasome on glucose metabolism and its targeted therapy in diabetes.
Carrier Proteins ; Caspase 1 ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; Interleukin-1beta ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). METHODS: A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, an HIBD group, and an AS-IV treatment group, with 8 rats in each group. After 24 hours of modeling, brain tissue was collected for hematoxylin-eosin staining, yo-PRO-1 staining, and EthD-2 immunofluorescent staining in order to observe the cerebral protection effect of AS-IV in vivo. HT22 cells were used to prepare a model of oxygen-glycogen deprivation (OGD), and a concentration gradient (50-400 μmol/L) was established for AS-IV. CCK-8 assay was used to measure the viability of HT22 cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to observe the effect of different concentrations of AS-IV on the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, gasdermin D (GSDMD), caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). RESULTS: Yo-Pro-1 and EthD-2 staining showed that compared with the sham-operation group, the HIBD group had an increase in pyroptotic cells with a small number of necrotic cells, and the AS-IV group had reductions in both pyroptotic and necrotic cells. Compared with the sham-operation group, the HIBD group had significantly higher protein expression levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, caspase-1, and GSDMD ( CONCLUSIONS AS-IV may alleviate HIBD in neonatal rats by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3, GSDMD, caspase-1, and IL-1β.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Brain ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/drug therapy* ; Inflammasomes ; NLR Proteins ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saponins ; Triterpenes

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to investigate the regulatory effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to promote osteoblast differentiation.

METHODSDifferent concentrations of CGRP (0, 10, 30, 100 ng · mL⁻¹) were added to mouse osteoblasts in vitro. The mRNA and protein expression levels of both NLRP3 and IL-1β were examined using Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of IL-1β protein and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The osteogenic differentiation of mouse osteoblasts was identified through alizarin red staining.

RESULTSThe protein and mRNA expression levels of both NLRP3 and IL-1β significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing CGRP concentration. Moreover, the contents of intracellular ROS gradually decreased (P<0.05). The osteogenic differentiation of the osteoblasts was more enhanced in the group treated with 100 ng · mL⁻¹ CGRP than in the empty group (0 ng · mL⁻¹ CGRP).

CONCLUSIONCGRP promotes osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Calcitonin ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Cell Differentiation ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Interleukin-1beta ; Mice ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; NLR Proteins ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; RNA, Messenger ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction