Objective: By analyzing the three variables relationship of GDP, total health expenditure and physical capital input, to provide basis for health economic policy and distribution system reform in China. Methods: Using the data from 1978 to 2011, the VAR model of the dynamic relationship is established. Results: The establishment of VAR model is stable by unit root test, there is Granger relation between the 3 variables, the result of the impulse response function is obtained that GDP will increase the input of health costs and physical capital, and physical capital and health expenditure have a reverse relation. Conclusion: Total health expenditure has greater effect on economic growth compared with physical capital, the government should allocate health costs, improve social benefits from the prospective of improving the quality of workers to promote economic growth.

Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) is a transmembrane adhesion protein of specific expression on vascular endothelial cell surface. It mediates the adhesion between adjacent endothelial cells. It plays important roles in maintaining vascular integrity, regulating permeability between endothelial cells, leukocyte extravasation, and intracellular signal transduction. In addition to its adhesion properties, VE-cadherin also participants in regulating various intracellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis as well as modulating the function of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Consequently, VE-cadherin is essential for angiogenesis and postnatal neovascularization during embryogenesis. It plays important roles by participating in angiogenesis in the processes of atherosclerosis of various aspects.

In vitro differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) into neural cells has been a hot study in neuroscience. Presently, under some experimental conditions, tissue-specific stem cells have been shown to give rise to cell lineages not normally found in the organ or tissue of residence. BMSCs have been reported to generate skeletal cells, gastric cardiac cells, oval hepatocytes, as well as glia and neuron-like cells. Cells from postnatal bone marrow were induced to proliferate and differentiate into gila and neurons. The present study explored the characteristics of its transformation.

Objective To investigate the types of commonly used anti-hypertensive drugs and hypoglycemic drugs and treatment schemes to provide a basis for rationally treating hypertension complicating type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods The medication situation in 191 patients with hypertension complicating T2DM in our hospital were analyzed and investigated.The use of anti-hypertensive drugs and hypoglycemic drugs and treatment scheme were statistically analyzed.Results In 191 patients with hypertension complicating T2DM,the single drug use in the anti-hypertensive scheme accounted for 9.42 ％,two-drug combined use accounted for 64.91％,three-drug combined use for 17.8 ％ and four-drug combined use for 7.85 ％.The medication of ARB+CCB had the highest use frequency;the anti-hypertensive total effective rate was 96.86 ％.In the hypoglycemic schemes,the insulin use accounted for 30.37％,and the use frequency of metformin+ gliclazide was highest,the hypoglycemic total effective rate was 98.43％.Conclusion The medication for the patients suffering from hypertension complicating T2DM is relatively reasonable,and worth of being popularized and applied in clinical practice.

Great progresses were made in the genetic study of osteoporosis during the past decade.Genetic variants of endocrine hormones,bone matrix proteins and cytokines involved in bone metabolism were closely associated with bone mineral density,bone quality,bone structure,bone turnover rate or osteoporotic fracture.This paper is a comprehensive review of the most important and representative molecular genetic study in osteoporosis,and the important problems in osteoporosis molecular study.

Renal transplantation is the best method for end-stage renal diseases in clinic. With the development of immunosuppressive agents, renal transplantation has been quite successful. Various complications after renal transplantation still threaten the function of graft and the life of patients. Some medical complications are difficult to prevent, but surgical complications are effective to prevent. The article comprehensively analyzes the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of some common urological complications such as urinary fistula, ureteral obstruction and ureteric reflux. The urological complications as the common complication are correlated to surgical skill. It has been an important link in improvement of transplantation quality to reduce incidence of urological complications and to diagnose and manage.

Neuronal?_4?_2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors(nAChRs) are the most widespread subtypes in central nervous system.?_4?_2 nAChRs mainly exist in procerebrum,parietal lobe cortex,temporal lobe cortex,hippocampus,basal ganglion and cerebellum.Researches on gene knock-out mice have demonstrated that?_4?_2 receptors participate in the development,aging,neuron survival,pain,and learning and memory,and are also involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid release and dopaminergic function.Studies have disclosed that?_4?_2 nAChRs relate to the development of variety of neurological diseases,including pain,Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Neuronal α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the most widespread subtypes in central nervous system, α4β2 nAChRs mainly exist in procerebrum, parietal lobe cortex, temporal lobe cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglion and cerebellum. Researches on gene knock-out mice have demonstrated that α4β2 receptors participate in the development, aging, neuron survival, pain, and learning and memory, and are also involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid release and dopaminergic function. Studies have disclosed that α4β2 nAChRs relate to the development of variety of neurological diseases, including pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

0.05 ), there was no massive haemorrhage, anal incontinence and other serious complications. In the therapeutic group, there were less occurrence of post-operation pain, dropsy in cut edge, remaining wart and anal stricture (P

AIM: To observe the clinical efficiency of intravitreal conbercept on diabetic macular edema(DME).METHODS: This was a single arm, open-babel prospective study.Twenty eyes from 20 patients (12 males and 8 females) with DME diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were enrolled.Before the injection, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS), non-contact tonometer, ophthalmoscope, fundus photography, fundus fluoresein angiograph (FFA), and OCT were examined.All affected eyes were treated with intravitreal conbercept 0.05mL (10mg/mL).Patients were followed up for 6 to 11mo, with a mean duration of 8.55±1.96mo.Post-treatment BCVA, CMT, leakage of macular edema and complications were compared with baseline using repeat analysis.RESULTS: The initial average visual acuity (ETDRS letters) were 43.35±17.45, range from 9 to 70.The initial average central macular thickness (CMT) was 576.30±167.92μm, range from 337 to 987μm.The mean BCVA showed significant improvement during 1, 3, 6mo post-treatment and the latest follow up, with a mean increase of 11.2±5.9, 13.8±7.9, 15.7±6.8 and 14.7±8.6, respectively (P<0.01).The changes of BCVA between before and at 1mo after treatment were different compared with the changes between before and at 6mo (P<0.01).During the latest follow up, the mean BCVA was obviously improved in 10 eyes (50%), improved in 7 eyes (35%), stable in 3 eyes (15%).Likewise, the mean CMT significantly decreased during the follow-up period with a mean CMT reduction of 183.8±159.5, 292.9±169.0, 271.4±167.2 and 286.4±166.9μm respectively (P<0.001).The CMT at 1mo were different with that 3, 6mo and final follow-up (P<0.01).During the latest follow up, macula lutea leakage disappeared in 6 eyes (30%), decreased in 12 eyes (60%) and increased in 2 eyes (10%).No adverse events such as secondary retinal detachment or endophthalmitis were found during the follow-up.CONCLUSION: Intravitreal conbercept significantly improve visual acuity and macular edema exudation.