Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis adjacent to hip, though uncommon, should be included in the differential diagnosis of the patients presenting symptoms suggestive of septic arthritis of hip. When it occurs in children, it is particularly serious, because the diagnosis at first may be very difficult to be made. Our observations on seven cases reported here suggest the following findings to be helpful for early differential diagnosis of osteomyelitis of innominate bones from septic hip. 1. Among 7 cases, 4 had lesions in ischium, and 3 in os ilii. 2. The initial diagnosis on admission in 3 cases out of 7 was wrongly made to be septic arthritis of hip. 3. Early accurate diagnosis is essential to initiate early treatment, and there by shortens the convalescent time and minimize sequelae. 4. The diagnosis could be made in the cases by clinical and roentgenographic findings, such as fever, pain nature, antalgic posture of hip together with range of hip motion, tender point around hip and positive soft tissue and bony X-ray findings, but K-ray taken on early stage of infection could not provide any clue until bone lesion appears. 5. Gentle passive motion of hip is more easily permitted without eliciting severe pain and restriction of motion in the infection of innominate bone than in the septic hip. This also can be another clue to differentiate the acute osteomyelitis of innominate bone from septic arthritis of the hip.
Arthritis, Infectious ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fever ; Hip ; Humans ; Ischium ; Osteomyelitis ; Pelvic Bones ; Posture

Rabies became one of the critical zoonoses in the modern urban environment since pet keeping culture became widespread in the Western countries in the 18th century. The sanitary policy against rabies was a forceful tool for the colonial rulers in the 19th century. This study describes the rabies outbreaks in the context of prevention methods, experts' engagement and the public response to the policies based on the statistics, regulations and newspaper articles on rabies in Korea during the Japanese colonial period. Based on the changes in the rabies policies, this study divides the time period into three phases. First phase (1905-1914) was characterized with the first epizootics investigation in Korea in 1905 and the “Domestic dog control regulation” in 1909, which legitimated elimination of dogs without owners' name tags. In the second phase (1915-1926), rabies was designated as a reportable disease by the “Act on Prevention of Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases (1915)” and thousands of dogs were slaughtered every year for rabies prevention. In the third phase (1927-1945), vaccination for dogs became a main intervention. From 1927 to 1942, 760,515 dogs were vaccinated. However, the broad scale rabies control projects over these decades did not seem to decrease the outbreaks of rabies because they did not reflect the rabies situation in Korea. Furthermore, the rabies control policy of the Japanese colonial government was criticized by the public for its violence against dogs and humans, for causing conflicts between social classes, and for lack of understanding of traditional human-dog relationship.
Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Communicable Diseases ; Disease Outbreaks* ; Dogs ; Humans ; Korea* ; Rabies* ; Social Class ; Social Control, Formal ; Vaccination ; Violence ; Zoonoses

Glaucoma is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Retrograde axoplasmic transport blockade and excitotoxicity were proposed to be a major cause of RGC apoptosis. We conducted this study to characterize the episcleral vessel cauterization glaucoma model in the rat with respect to decreased retrograde axoplasmic flow and subsequent apoptotic RGC death. After episcleral vessels were cauterized in Sprague-Dawley rats, Fluorogold was injected into their superior colliculi by stereotactic method. Retrograde axoplasmic flow and TUNEL-stained apoptotic dead cells were observed microscopically. Elevated intraocular pressure was maintained for up to 6 weeks during follow-up. Retrograde axoplasmic flow to the rat retina was significantly decreased. Apoptotic RGC was selectively TUNELstained in the retina, especially at the ganglion cell layers. We concluded that elevated intraocular pressure caused apoptotic RGC death through retrograde axoplasmic flow blockage. Further studies will elucidate the neuroprotection strategies in glaucoma patients.
Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Axonal Transport ; Disease Models, Animal ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; *Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Ocular Hypertension/*complications ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*pathology ; Retrograde Degeneration/etiology ; Sclera/blood supply

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore women caregivers' lived experiences in caring at home for a family member with dementia and to identify conditions that oppress women in the context of family caregiving. METHOD: This study was conducted within the feminist perspectives using qualitative secondary data. Ten secondary data conveying self reflective contents were selected from the 25 original data obtained in 1999 to 2000. RESULT: Six themes that emerged from the qualitative thematic content analysis were; androcentric view of family caregiving, undervalued family caregiving by the family members, Self rationalization in the context of family caregiving, family-centric care mechanism, exemplary caring within the family context, and inter-familial relationships among women. CONCLUSION: The main focus of feminist research is to provide empowerment for the women research participants and to bring about social change of oppressive constraint through some actions. On the basis of the research findings, therefore, action strategies from feminist perspectives were suggested in some aspects of health care delivery sectors, nursing education and research sectors, and administrative sectors.
Adult ; Attitude ; Caregivers/*psychology ; Dementia/*nursing/psychology ; *Family ; Family Relations ; Female ; Home Nursing ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore women caregivers' lived experiences in caring at home for a family member with dementia and to identify conditions that oppress women in the context of family caregiving. METHOD: This study was conducted within the feminist perspectives using qualitative secondary data. Ten secondary data conveying self reflective contents were selected from the 25 original data obtained in 1999 to 2000. RESULT: Six themes that emerged from the qualitative thematic content analysis were; androcentric view of family caregiving, undervalued family caregiving by the family members, Self rationalization in the context of family caregiving, family-centric care mechanism, exemplary caring within the family context, and inter-familial relationships among women. CONCLUSION: The main focus of feminist research is to provide empowerment for the women research participants and to bring about social change of oppressive constraint through some actions. On the basis of the research findings, therefore, action strategies from feminist perspectives were suggested in some aspects of health care delivery sectors, nursing education and research sectors, and administrative sectors.
Adult ; Attitude ; Caregivers/*psychology ; Dementia/*nursing/psychology ; *Family ; Family Relations ; Female ; Home Nursing ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: To seek adequate sequence of MR angiography (MRA) on developmental venous anomaly in the brain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We collected ten cases who demonstrated developmental venous anomaly on MR image. Eight patients among them, both 3D time-of-flight (TOF) with or without Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement and phase contrast(PC) were performed: TOF without enhancement in five, TO F with enhancement in six, and PC with 10 cm/sec in five, PC with 30 cm/sec in three, and PC with 5 cm/sec velocity encoding (VNEC) in two cases. RESULTS: On enhanced 3D TOF, both dilated collecting veins and medullary veins were well depicted in five of six cases, however, the signal intensity of the collecting and medullary veins are less than arteries. Dilated hyperintense collecting veins were well demonstrated on 3D PC with below the 10cm/sec VNEC in all seven cases, but the medullary veins were poorly defined. Unenhanced 3D TOF IVIRA could not reveal any dilated collecting and medullary veins in all five cases. CONCLUSION: Enhanced 3D TO F could demonstrate the collecting and medullary veins of developmental venous anomaly, however, 3D PC with below the 10 cm/sec VN EC could showthe dilated collecting and larger draining veins. We considered that combined enhanced 3D TOF MRA and PC with VENC 10cm/sec can substitute for conventional anglogram in the diagnosis of developmental venous anomaly.
Angiography* ; Arteries ; Brain ; Central Nervous System Venous Angioma* ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Veins

The article "Pandemic influenza in Korea with special references to its etiology," published in JAMA in April, 1919 by Dr. Frank William Schofield, is a valuable material reflecting the influenza pandemic situation in 1918 in Korea. It contains the case reports of influenza infected patients and the results of the bacteriological experiments. Dr. Schofield worked as a bacteriology professor in Severance Union Medical College in Seoul from 1916 to 1920. His academic activities are lesser-known than the role of contributor of Korean independent movement. However, he was a remarkable veterinarian and scientist. According to Dr. Schofield, the number of Influenza infected population in Korea in 1918 was supposed to be 4,000,000 to 8,000,000, which corresponds with other resources(6.7 per 1,000 in Gangwon province). Considering the cases which were not registered as influenza infection by misdiagnosis of pneumonia complication the sum should be higher. However, the estimated crude influenza death rate from the reports by the Japanese colonial government was only 2.38(per 1,000). Dr. Schofield and his colleague tried to culture "Pfeiffer Bacillus" from the sputum and blood specimens of patients showing typical influenza symptoms. The bacterium was mistakenly considered as the influenza agent till the virological nature of influenza was discovered in the 1930s. From the results of his study he seemed to agree that "filterable virus" was the influenza agent and the secondary infection of the bacillus caused respiratory symptoms. He also reported on the influenza vaccination during the epidemics. Dr. Schofield's article confirms that the damage caused by the influenza outbreak in Korea was as great as in other Asian countries or even worse. It also gives information about the researches and education on the etiology and vaccination of influenza based on the germ theory in the medical colleges in Korea, which adopted the western medical educational system in the early 20th century.
Disease Outbreaks/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines/history ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/mortality ; Korea/epidemiology ; Vaccination/history

Elevated plasma homocysteine is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Exercise is generally believed to reduce the plasma homocysteine levels and therefore, being beneficial for cardiovascular disease(CVD). However, there is a possibility that athletes undergoing strenuous training and competition which increase oxidative stress may suffer from increased plasma homocysteine levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of endurance training on the plasma concentrations of B vitamins and homocysteine in 23 male adolescent field hockey players. Data collection and blood sampling was performed during the training period and non-training period. Following the training period, significant changes in energy and vitamin B6 intakes were observed in these subjects. Plasma vitamin B2, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and homocysteine levels were significantly higher during the training period than non-training period, whereas no difference was observed in plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels. Positive correlation was observed between plasma folate and folic acid intakes. When energy, B vitamin intakes were adjusted there was a significant negative correlation between plasma homocysteine levels and plasma riboflavin, folate and vitamin B12 levels. In conclusion, it is suggested that athletes with oxidative stress by strenuous exercise may need B vitamins since riboflavin, folic acid and vitamin B12 were shown to be negatively correlated with plasma homocysteine in athletes during the training period.
Adolescent* ; Athletes ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Data Collection ; Folic Acid ; Hockey* ; Homocysteine* ; Humans ; Male* ; Oxidative Stress ; Plasma* ; Pyridoxal Phosphate ; Riboflavin ; Risk Factors ; Vitamin B 12 ; Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamin B Complex ; Vitamins*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the level of sexual knowledge of male high school students. METHOD: The participants were 503 male students from a high school in one county of Gangwon Province. The data were collected from May 1 to May 30, 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS program to investigate the responses to the structured questionnaires used in the study. RESULTS: The level of sexual knowledge of high school students was 10.25(range 0 to 17). In terms of response distribution of sexual knowledge by items, the correct response rate was highest for "wet dream is discharge of semen during sleep", and the wrong response rate was lowest in "gonorrhea occurred most frequency in 15-25 year old adolescents". General characteristics showed significant differences in sexual knowledge depending on grade(grade 3 :10.45, grade 2: 10.40, grade1: 9.88). Depend on the sexual impulse and the solutions to sex problems, there were significant differences in sexual knowledge with respect to sexual characteristics. CONCLUSION: As a whole the sexual knowledge of the male high school students was low, sexual education programs for high school students should focus on sexually transmitted diseases and contraception.
Contraception ; Dreams ; Education ; Gangwon-do* ; Humans ; Male* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; School Health Services ; Semen ; Sexuality ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

The retinal degeneration (RD) is a general cause of blindness. To study its pathophysiology and evaluate the effects of new therapeutic agents before clinical trials, it is essential to establish reliable and stable animal models. This study evaluated a RD animal model in which blindness was induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a potent retinotoxin leading to apoptosis of photoreceptors. MNU was applied to the Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intraperitoneal injection in different doses (40, 50, and 60 mg/kg). The retinal functions were examined at 1 week after MNU injection by electroretinogram (ERG). Afterwards, each retina was examined by hematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody. Upon MNU injection of 40, 50 and 60 mg/kg, the ERG amplitude of a-waves showed significant reductions of 7, 26, and 44%, respectively, when compared to that of normal a-waves. The b-wave amplitudes were about 89, 65, and 58% of normal b-waves in the response to scotopic light stimulus. At 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after MNU injection (50 mg/kg), all scotopic ERG components decreased progressively. In addition, degeneration of retinal neurons was observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner after MNU injection. Taken together, functional reduction following RD induced by MNU correlates with morphological changes. Thus, this RD rat model may be a useful model to study its pathophysiology and to evaluate the effects of new therapeutic agents before clinical trials.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blindness ; Electroretinography ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Hematoxylin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Light ; Methylnitrosourea ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retina ; Retinal Degeneration ; Retinal Neurons ; Retinaldehyde