The contamination period of the sterilized pack is influenced by the storage environment such as air contamination, temperature, humidity and the quality of the wrapping material. This study was conducted to provide basic data, for the expiration date of the EO gas sterilized pack (which was wrapped with polypropylene / polyester one side and paper the other side) by investigating the storage environment and monthly contamination period. The duration of study was 12 months, from Dec. 1, 1997 to Nov. 30, 1998. A total of 144 EO gas sterilized packs were kept in six storage cabinets of storage area after selecting four Operating Room, the Central Supply Department and General Surgery Clinic of one University Hospital in Taegu city. The samples were cultured in fluid thioglycolate media 30m1 in 37degrees C incubator for 48 hours. Air microbial bioburden in the six storage area and storage cabinet was monitored by exposing blood agar plate for fit teen minutes and culture were observed at 37t incubator for 2 thours. Temperature and Humidity were investigated four times(8 am, 2, 5, & 10 pm) a day and the mean values calculated. The results of this study are as follows 1. There was no contaminations in EO gas sterilized packs for 12 months observation. 2. The mean air contamination rate of storage area and cabinet in Operating Room was 4.9 CFU and 2.4 CPU during observation period. The mean air contamination rate of storage area and cabinet was 4.2 CPU and 2.2 CPU each during observation period. The rate of air contamination in storage room was at least twice than that of storage in Operating Room. The period that showed highest air contamination was in Feb. 98 as 9.2 CPU and the lowest in Mar. 98 as 1.1 CPU. 3. The predominant microorganisms were gram post five staphylococci, gram negative staphylococci in all storage environment, gram positive bacilli, gram negative bacilli in C cabinet of Operating Room and storage area in General Surgery Clinic, Fungi in storage area of Operating Room. 4. The mean temperature was 24.9+/-0.6degrees C(mean standard deviation) in storage area and 24.8+/-0.5degrees C in storage cabinet of Operating Room. The temperature was not differentiated between storage area and cabinet of Operating Room. The mean humidity was 63.6 7.3% (mean standard deviation) in storage area, 663+/-7.9% in cabinet of Operating Room. The humidity was observed high rate in storage area than cabinet of the six area environment. There was no growth of microorganism in sterilized packs during the observation. So we concluded that the contamination period of EQ gas sterilized packs was over 12 months. The high rate of air contamination in storage area might increase the degree of contamination of sterilized packs and the infection rate of operative wound. So the methods which could reduce the air contamination should be developed.
Adolescent ; Agar ; Daegu ; Ethylene Oxide* ; Fungi ; Humans ; Humidity ; Incubators ; Operating Rooms* ; Polyesters ; Polypropylenes ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: The objective of the study is to analyze the review contents of reviewers for the submitted papers in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing in 2003. METHOD: The review contents of the 165 papers were selected 217 papers that were submitted in 2003. Among those 165 papers, the 21 papers belonged to the 'Do not publish' list and 17 papers, 'Revise manuscript and resubmit', list and the 94 papers, 'Publish if revisions are made' list. There are more than two level differences among the four levels of decision in acceptance of publication in 33 papers. RESULTS: The analysis of the review contents for the papers were suggested according to review categories : introduction, method, results, discussion and conclusion. In addition, if papers had more than two levels of review they were rated poor accord or inconsistent. CONCLUSION: For the quality of the academic journal and development of the nursing science, it is important to disseminate and publish the research paper. Therefore, review of the submitted paper is also important. Implications for the profitable review were suggested in the study.
Publishing/*standards/statistics & numerical data ; Periodicals/*statistics & numerical data ; *Nursing ; Korea ; *Bibliometrics

No abstract available.
Blood Pressure* ; Body Mass Index*

No abstract available.
Astrocytes* ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction*

PURPOSE: Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. Recently, PLD has been drawing much attentions and considered to be associated with cancer process since it is involved in cellular signal transduction. In this experiment, oleate-PLD activities were measured in various tissues of the living rats after whole body irradiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The reaction mixture for the PLD assay contained 0.1microCi 1,2-di[1-14C]palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, 0.5mM phosphatidylcholine, 5mM sodium oleate, 0.2% taurodeoxycholate, 50mM HEPES buffer (pH 6.5), 10mM CaCl2, and 25mM KF. phosphatidic acid, the reaction product, was separated by TLC and its radioactivity was measured with a scintillation counter. The whole body irradiation was given to the female Wistar rats via Cobalt 60 Teletherapy with field size of 10cm x 10cm and an exposure of 2.7Gy per minute to the total doses of 10Gy and 25Gy. RESULTS: Among the tissues examined, PLD activity in lung was the highest one and was followed by kidney, skeletal muscle, brain, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and liver. Upon irradiation, alteration of PLD activity was observed in thymus, spleen, lung, and bone marrow. Especially PLD activities of the spleen and thymus revealed the highest sensitivity toward gamma-ray with more than two times amplification in their activities. In contrast, the PLD activity of bone marrow appears to be reduced to nearly 30%. Irradiation effect was hardly detected in liver which showed the lowest PLD activity. CONCLUSION: The PLD activities affected most sensitively by the whole-body irradiation seem to be associated with organs involved in immunity and hematopoiesis. This observation strongly indicates that the PLD is closely related to the physiological function of these organs. Furthermore, radiation stress could offer an important means to explore the phenomena covering from cell proliferation to cell death on these organs.
Animals ; Attention ; Bone Marrow ; Brain ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation ; Choline ; Cobalt ; Female ; Hematopoiesis ; HEPES ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Oleic Acid ; Phosphatidic Acids ; Phosphatidylcholines ; Phospholipase D* ; Phospholipases* ; Radiation Effects ; Radioactivity ; Rats* ; Rats, Wistar ; Scintillation Counting ; Signal Transduction ; Sodium ; Spleen ; Taurodeoxycholic Acid ; Thymus Gland ; Whole-Body Irradiation

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of and to analyze the factors re-lated to the cost of the resolution of a medical dispute. METHODS: We have reviewed 2,346 cases reported to the Korean Medical Association(KMA)mutual-aid association from Nov. 1. 1981 to Oct. 31. 1994. RESULTS: The percentage rate of reported cases of were related field as follows .' obstetric gynecology(OBGYN) 31.9%, general practitice 28.1%, general surgery 13.3%, orthopedics 6.9% and internal medicine 6.4% 1,829 cases (80.0%) were settled out of court and without public intervention. 310 cases(13.2%) were settled by the police, the public procurators office or the court. The mean settlement amount per case was 9,340,000 won with annual growth rate 10.8%, and median settlement amount was 5,890,000 won. The mean settlement amount for OBGYN was 930,000 won, surgical group 8,900,000 won, medical group 7,710,000 won, and general practitice 7,490,000 won. The cases of medical dispute according to the types of medical care were : operation 21.1%, injection 18.0%, treat-ment and care 18.0%, delivery 13.0%, artificial abortion 10.3%, Cesarian section 7.2% and anesthesia 2.5%. The mean settlement amount according to the types of medical care were: delivery and Cesarian section 15,190,000 won, operation and anesthesia 9,500,000 won, others 6,610,000 won, and injection and medication 6,230,000 won. The mean settlement amount that was settled out of court without public intervention was 7,940,000 won. The mean settlement with public intervention in the court was 17,290,000 won. The cases of medical dispute according to the patients status were .' death 37.5%, complications 20.8%, disability 12.2% and others 28.9%. The mean settlement amout for death was 16,150,000 won, disability 9,430,000 won, others 4,850,000 won and complications 3,550,000 won. The mean settlement amount where doctors have asserted that the outcome was inevitable or have not agreed that it was their fault was higher than the cost of cases where they had admitted responsibility. The settlement amout where there was a misdiagnosis present had not shown to be higher than when the misdiagnosis was absent. The mean settlement amount for cases where multiple doctors were involved was higher than for cases of a single doctor. The mean settlement amount for disturbing the medical practice and suspension of are high. The mean settlement amount for complications was lower than others, and the mean settlement amount for disability and death presented were high. Concerning the types of care, the mean settlement amount for operation/anesthesia, delivery/ Cesarian sections were higher than for injection/medication. Concerning the type of settlement, the mean settlement amount in the police and public procurators office was higher than in out of court without public intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The mean settlement amount depended on the patient's status, the type of settlement, and the disturbance of medical practice regardless of the doctors misdiagnosis, fault, and standard care. Therefore, a reason-able method of resolution for medical dispute is needed.
Anesthesia ; Diagnostic Errors ; Dissent and Disputes ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Malpractice* ; Orthopedics ; Police

The food exchanges are frequently used to nutrition education and counseling for diabetes, weight control, hyperlipidema and etc. But it is difficult to find out food exchange lists with food exchange groups in the food composition table. This study was conducted to select e-food exchange of commonly used foods(456 foods) and improve search system based on internet. Also, the e-food exchange database was developed as having the proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content such as energy, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, retinol equivalent, retinol, a-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, refuse per 100g of each food. The e-food exchange database developed is basically based on the 6th food composition table(2001) of the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration, Korea. The 456 commonly used foods or 2,262, all foods can be searched easily in a new system. A specific food of e-food exchange can be searched by a given set of food groups or food name and can give information about food one exchange lists, weight and nutrient value per 100g of each food user-friendly on internet. It can be used to make a nutritionally balanced meal plan, nutrition education and counseling.
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Counseling ; Education ; Internet* ; Iron ; Korea ; Meals ; Niacin ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Riboflavin ; Social Planning ; Sodium ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins

The food exchanges are frequently used to nutrition education and counseling for diabetes, weight control, hyperlipidema and etc. But it is difficult to find out food exchange lists with food exchange groups in the food composition table. This study was conducted to select e-food exchange of commonly used foods(456 foods) and improve search system based on internet. Also, the e-food exchange database was developed as having the proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content such as energy, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, retinol equivalent, retinol, a-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, refuse per 100g of each food. The e-food exchange database developed is basically based on the 6th food composition table(2001) of the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration, Korea. The 456 commonly used foods or 2,262, all foods can be searched easily in a new system. A specific food of e-food exchange can be searched by a given set of food groups or food name and can give information about food one exchange lists, weight and nutrient value per 100g of each food user-friendly on internet. It can be used to make a nutritionally balanced meal plan, nutrition education and counseling.
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Counseling ; Education ; Internet* ; Iron ; Korea ; Meals ; Niacin ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Riboflavin ; Social Planning ; Sodium ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Fetus* ; Humans ; Humerus* ; Radius* ; Ulna*

The food composition tables are frequently used to health and nutrition practices. But it is difficult to find out food exchange lists with food exchange groups in the food composition table. Over 2500 items and many kinds of nutrients are in the food composition table. But now food exchange lists are used a few foods. The internet demands the users needs for obtaining more food exchange lists and nutrient information from food composition. This basic study is to solve the users need and the supply more efficient and effective manipulation system for e-food exchange database construction and search system:ENECC/e-food exchnage(E-Nutrition Education and Couseling Center/e-food exchange). This paper introduces the food exchange database construction and search system(ENECC/e-food exchange) using the formula which calculates the food exchange quantity of 6 food exchange groups and added one extra groups(alcohol) based on the internet. The ENECC/e-food exchange database is basically based on the 6th food composition table(2001) of the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration, Korea. The e-food exchange database are consisted of 2,261 foods in 6 basic food groups and one extra groups by using ENECC calculating formula. Also, the e-food exchange database has the proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content such as energy, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, retinol equivalent, retinol, a-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, refuse per 100g of each food. To calculate e-food exchange, ENECC/e-food exchange calculating formula was developed. The one food exchange weight and ENECC/e-food exchange weight were significantly correlated. It shows that the use of this formula is valuable and easily usable. A specific food of e-food exchange can be searched by a given set of food groups or food name and can get information about food one exchange lists, weight and nutrient value per 100g of each food user-friendly on internet. It can be used to make a nutritionally balanced meal plan and nutrition education and counseling.
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Counseling ; Education ; Internet* ; Iron ; Korea ; Meals ; Niacin ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Riboflavin ; Social Planning ; Sodium ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins