No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Membranes* ; Mortality* ; Mothers* ; Rupture*

No abstract available.
Polyhydramnios*

No abstract available.
Animal ; Antigens, Viral/genetics ; Cytokines/genetics ; Genes, MHC Class II ; Immune Tolerance ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics

No abstract available.
Dacarbazine*

No abstract available.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone*

Splenic anomalies are commonly associated with anomalies of cardiovascular system and of other organ systems. "Polysplenia" refers to the state in which the bulk of splenic tissue is divided into two and others more equal-sized splenic masses. We experienced a case of Polysplenia associated with complicated cardiovascular anomalies(Situs ambiguus, D-loop, normally related great arteries, interrupted inferior vena cave, bilateral superior vena cava, single atrium, common A-V canal, infundibular stenosis). We have presented this rare case and reviewed brief literatures.
Arteries ; Cardiovascular System ; Vena Cava, Superior

The studies about tibial spine fracture were less frequently reported, especially in its sdult type, had different opinions according to authors. Meyers and McKeever described it had frequedntly occured as isolated injury without associated ligamentous injury of the same knee in children and mainly caused by bicycle accident. They had classified it by three different types according to the shape of it, managed conservatively type I, II,IIIA, and recommanded simple suturing with absorbable materials as operative method. But, in our cases it had frequently occured in adult and combined with ligamentous injury at the same knee including ACL and MCL. Also, it had frequently been caused by major trauma such as traffic accident. Previous method of management including simple stainless steel wiring had scored poor results in these complicated fractures. The author reviewed 24 cases of the tibial spine fracture treated at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Medical Center from June, 1980, to June, 1988, and the following results were obtained. 1. The most common causes of the injury were traffic accident (12 cases) and associated with rupture of medial collateral ligament in 7 cases. 2. The fracture was classified as four different types according to its pattern and comminution and most commen types were III and IV, scored 8 cases and 7 cases irrespectively. 3. Initially, closed sreduction and cast immobilization was performed in 15 cases, of which 8 cases had poor results with non-union of the fracture and instability. 4. Simple stainless steel wiring in 2 cases scored poor results and distal advancement of ACL with double wiring revealed good results in these cases. 5. One case of type II fracture had persistently positive anterior drawer sign and subjective instability and needed distal advancement of ACL and double wiring. 6. Distal advancement of ACL and double wiring was performed in 6 cases of which 4 cases revealed excellent results and 2 cases did good ones.
Accidents, Traffic ; Adult ; Child ; Classification ; Collateral Ligaments ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Rupture ; Spine ; Stainless Steel

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by selective autoimmune- mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta- cells leading gradually to absolute insulin deficiency. T1D is under polygenic control. The HLA complex attributes 50% of the genetic risk for T1D while as many as 20 genes influence susceptibility to T1D. The autoimmune beta-cell destruction could be triggered by environmental factors. While the exact trigger of anti-islet autoimmunity remains elusive, it can lead to an imbalance between regulatory T cells and autoimmune effector T cells. During the initiation of insulitis, emerging evidences suggest that the infiltrating macrophages via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation lead to induction and amplification of insulitis. Following the priming of diabetogenic T-cells, autoreactive T effector cells destroy the beta cells by direct contact- dependent cytolysis or by soluble mediators secreted from macrophages or CD4 T effector cells. The hyperglycemia occurs late in its course after 80% of the beta cells have been destroyed. Although no current cure exists, refinement of genetic studies and islet autoantibodies has improved the ability to predict the risk of T1D and aid the establishment of rationally designed preventive therapies. Other strategies involve beta-cell replacement by islet transplantation. Extensive and long-term research on the efficacy of islet transplantation and preservation of beta-cell function is keenly needed.
Apoptosis ; Autoantibodies ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Autoimmunity ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin ; Islets of Langerhans ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Macrophages ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Toll-Like Receptor 2

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by selective autoimmune- mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta- cells leading gradually to absolute insulin deficiency. T1D is under polygenic control. The HLA complex attributes 50% of the genetic risk for T1D while as many as 20 genes influence susceptibility to T1D. The autoimmune beta-cell destruction could be triggered by environmental factors. While the exact trigger of anti-islet autoimmunity remains elusive, it can lead to an imbalance between regulatory T cells and autoimmune effector T cells. During the initiation of insulitis, emerging evidences suggest that the infiltrating macrophages via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation lead to induction and amplification of insulitis. Following the priming of diabetogenic T-cells, autoreactive T effector cells destroy the beta cells by direct contact- dependent cytolysis or by soluble mediators secreted from macrophages or CD4 T effector cells. The hyperglycemia occurs late in its course after 80% of the beta cells have been destroyed. Although no current cure exists, refinement of genetic studies and islet autoantibodies has improved the ability to predict the risk of T1D and aid the establishment of rationally designed preventive therapies. Other strategies involve beta-cell replacement by islet transplantation. Extensive and long-term research on the efficacy of islet transplantation and preservation of beta-cell function is keenly needed.
Apoptosis ; Autoantibodies ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Autoimmunity ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin ; Islets of Langerhans ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Macrophages ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Toll-Like Receptor 2

No abstract available.
Craniopharyngioma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging*