The most efficient method for reducing the organic content of dilute liquid waste is by aerobic-biological treatment. Basically, the organisms responsible for treatment possess the ability to decompose complex organic compounds and to use the energy so liberated for their bodily functions : reproduction, growth, locomotion and so on. That part of organic matter used to produce energy is converted to the essentially stable end pro ducts of carbon dioxide, water and ammonia, while the remainder is converted to new cells which can be settled and thus removed from the liquid before the waste is discharged to the receiving body water. Oxygen must be supplied continuous ly during the aerobic process. In the field of sewage treatment the Warburg respirometer is used mainly for the measurement of the oxygen uptake of samples. In this experiment the Warburg constant volume respirometer was used to determine the oxygen uptake by the bacteria in the presence of various glucose concentrations. The rate of oxygen uptake by the bacteria was expressed as the respiratoty quotient. The results indicated that the oxygen uptake was proportional to the glucose concentration. The expecting equation of the regression line was Y=7.7 0.12X, where Y : respiratory quotient, microliter. O2 taken up/mg. dry wt. bacterium/hr. X : concentration of glucose, mg/l
Ammonia ; Bacteria* ; Body Water ; Carbon Dioxide ; Glucose* ; Locomotion ; Oxygen ; Reproduction ; Sewage ; Water

BACKGROUND: Compliance with self-care and lifestyle modification is recommended for all patients with acute coronary syndrome to prevent a secondary attack. Data is limited regarding the association between compliance with self-care and restenosis. This study was conducted to examine the association between compliance with self-care and restenosis and to determine the predicting factors for restenosis and low compliance with self-care. METHODS: A total of 166 acute coronary syndrome patients (64.2+/-10.8 years) hospitalized for an angiogram during routine follow-up or symptom management were conveniently recruited from a university hospital cardiovascular care unit. Self-administered questionnaires were used to evaluate the level of compliance with self-care and symptom-related satisfaction. RESULTS: In-stent restenosis was found in 40.4% of the subjects and 36.1% were persistently smoking. There was no significant relationship between low compliance with self-care and restensosis. A lower symptom-related satisfaction significantly predicted restenosis and low compliance with self-care. A longer period after initial diagnosis predicted restenosis and a shorter period after initial diagnosis predicted low compliance with self-care. Persistent smoking was independently associated with low compliance with self-care. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who continued to smoke and had lower symptom-related satisfaction with daily living showed a stronger tendency for lower compliance with self-care and lifestyle modification. Effective educational strategy focusing on smoking cessation is needed to increase compliance with self-care in patients with ACS, especially during admission with a first heart attack.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Compliance ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart ; Humans ; Life Style ; Patient Compliance ; Self Care ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. Recently, PLD has been drawing much attentions and considered to be associated with cancer process since it is involved in cellular signal transduction. In this experiment, oleate-PLD activities were measured in various tissues of the living rats after whole body irradiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The reaction mixture for the PLD assay contained 0.1microCi 1,2-di[1-14C]palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, 0.5mM phosphatidylcholine, 5mM sodium oleate, 0.2% taurodeoxycholate, 50mM HEPES buffer (pH 6.5), 10mM CaCl2, and 25mM KF. phosphatidic acid, the reaction product, was separated by TLC and its radioactivity was measured with a scintillation counter. The whole body irradiation was given to the female Wistar rats via Cobalt 60 Teletherapy with field size of 10cm x 10cm and an exposure of 2.7Gy per minute to the total doses of 10Gy and 25Gy. RESULTS: Among the tissues examined, PLD activity in lung was the highest one and was followed by kidney, skeletal muscle, brain, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and liver. Upon irradiation, alteration of PLD activity was observed in thymus, spleen, lung, and bone marrow. Especially PLD activities of the spleen and thymus revealed the highest sensitivity toward gamma-ray with more than two times amplification in their activities. In contrast, the PLD activity of bone marrow appears to be reduced to nearly 30%. Irradiation effect was hardly detected in liver which showed the lowest PLD activity. CONCLUSION: The PLD activities affected most sensitively by the whole-body irradiation seem to be associated with organs involved in immunity and hematopoiesis. This observation strongly indicates that the PLD is closely related to the physiological function of these organs. Furthermore, radiation stress could offer an important means to explore the phenomena covering from cell proliferation to cell death on these organs.
Animals ; Attention ; Bone Marrow ; Brain ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation ; Choline ; Cobalt ; Female ; Hematopoiesis ; HEPES ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Oleic Acid ; Phosphatidic Acids ; Phosphatidylcholines ; Phospholipase D* ; Phospholipases* ; Radiation Effects ; Radioactivity ; Rats* ; Rats, Wistar ; Scintillation Counting ; Signal Transduction ; Sodium ; Spleen ; Taurodeoxycholic Acid ; Thymus Gland ; Whole-Body Irradiation

No abstract available.
Hepatitis A Antibodies* ; Hepatitis* ; Immunoglobulin M*

No abstract available.
Cushing Syndrome*

No abstract available.
Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Immunoglobulin G* ; Meningitis, Aseptic*

The purpose of this study was to describe outcome indicators of nursing education including critical thinking, professionalism, leadership, and communication and to evaluate differences among nursing programs and academic years. A descriptive research design was employed. A total of 454 students from four year baccalaureate (BS) nursing programs and two three-year associate degree (AD) programs consented to complete self-administered questionnaires. The variables were critical thinking, professionalism, leadership and communication. Descriptive statistics, chi2-test, t-tests, ANOVA, and the Tukey test were utilized for the data analysis. All the mean scores of the variables were above average for the test instruments utilized. Among the BS students, those in the upper classes tended to attain higher scores, but this tendency was not identified in AD students. There were significant differences between BS students and AD students for the mean scores of leadership and communication. These findings suggested the need for further research to define properties of nursing educational outcomes, and to develop standardized instruments for research replication and verification.
Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Korea ; Leadership ; Research Design ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Nursing ; Thinking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) is described under various names in the medical literature: post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency, wet lung. DaNang lung and shock lung etc., and the syndrome has been used to describe a serious and often fatal conditions which may develop in any patient subjected to severe trauma, major surgery or critical illness. ARDS is characterized by increasing intrapulmonary shunting, increasing work of breathing and decreasing lung compliance. There is still desagreement about exact nature of ARDS as well as its care and revention. In ARDS, the use of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP) has been widely debated since its introduction by Ashbaugh and Petty in 1969. Its purpose is to increase the lung volume, especially functional residual capacity at end expiration in order to obtain better alveolar expansion and improved pulmonary gas exchange. This report described two cases of ARDS following trauma, and respiratory care problems were reviewed and discussed.
Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify emotional labor, nursing work environment, self-efficacy and happiness index and address factors associated with happiness index to provide basic resources for national psychiatric hospital nurses' happiness at work. METHODS: Participants were 249 nurses working in 5 national psychiatric hospitals. They participated in the survey and data were collected from May 16 to July 30, 2016. Data were analysed using SPSS/WIN 22.0. RESULTS: Mean scores were nurses' emotional labor, 3.89, nursing work environment, 2.77, self-efficacy, 3.77, and happiness index, 3.52. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: department, type of work, career length, position and payment. Happiness index was influenced by self-efficacy, work environment and emotional labor. Explanatory power of these variables was 36.9%. CONCLUSION: These results show that self-efficacy and work environment are important factors related to the happiness of the national psychiatric hospital nurses. Additionally, developing an effective program to facilitate self-efficacy of nurses and research studies to identify effects of such a program are required.
Happiness* ; Hospitals, Psychiatric* ; Korea* ; Nursing*

BACKGROUND: Phantom limb sensation is an unusual position sense of the extremity during nerve block that the position of extremity is misinterpreted as being flexed, or elevated, when actually they are in neutral position. Whether it is from the fixation of proprioceptive input at the time of motor blockade or from unmasking of the pattern which has been already present in the CNS is still controversial. We perfomed this study under the assumption that phantom limb sensation can still be reproduced without the influence of position at the time of nerve blockade. METHODS: Thirty-six patients scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery were randomly assigned. For 26 patients, spinal anesthesia was performed with hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine or bupivacaine at lateral decubitus position and the position was changed to supine immediately. Existence of phantom limb sensation and the level of anesthesia was recorded at 10 and 20 minutes after injection of local anesthetics. For 10 patients, same local anesthetics were injected after patient's legs were straightened in lateral decubitus position. RESULTS: Forteen out of 26 patients whose position were changed to supine immediately after the injection of local anesthetics experienced phantom limb sensations. Five out of 10 patients whose legs were kept straight before the injection of local anesthetics experienced phantom limb sensations. Previous history of trauma was positively related to the expression of phantom limb sensation. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that the expression of phantom limb sensation is reproducible. And this was not related to the position at the time of spinal anesthesia. Trauma seems to be an important factor related to the expression of phantom limb sensation.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anesthetics, Local ; Bupivacaine ; Extremities ; Humans ; Leg ; Nerve Block ; Orthopedics ; Phantom Limb* ; Proprioception ; Sensation* ; Tetracaine