No abstract available.
Autoradiography* ; Brain* ; Rats, Wistar* ; Receptors, Muscarinic*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Self-Development training on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation for first-line nurse managers. METHOD: This was an empirical study on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation of Self Development Training. The researcher developed a new Self-Development Training Program, and the two-hour long training session was performed twice a week for each group. The program was performed for 4 session in two weeks. The subjects consisted with 24 nurse managers from C University Hospital in Seoul, Korea. The subjects were divided into two groups for the training. Two weeks before and 4 weeks after the training, subjects completed questionnaires that measured Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation. Analysis was completed by using SPSS PC 10.0 for percentile, mean, standard deviation and paired t-test. RESULT: The results of this study showed that Self-Development Training Program resulted in a significant effects on the Human Relationship. But the Intrinsic Motivation was not significantly affected by the program. CONCLUSION: This Self-Development training program had a positive effect on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation.

No abstract available.
Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus* ; Streptomyces*

No abstract available.
Antibodies, Monoclonal* ; Blood Cells*

No abstract available.
Transplants* ; Urinary Incontinence*

The purpose of this study was to describe the spiritual care experiences of student nurses after they have received 2 credits in a spiritual nursing care course at a university in Seoul, Korea. The major finding are as follow: 1. The problems that students reported for their patients were: loss of self-confidence, anxiety about outward appearance, anxiety about his(her) health and illness, maladaptability, guilt, problems with dating, uncertainty about his(her) future. 2. The methods which students used to help solve the patients' problems were: prayer with patients, use of Scripture, conversation, advice, frequent meetings, listening, frequent phone call, writing letters, exploring problem solving methods together, and introduction of similar patients. 3. After the students had experienced spiritual nursing care they felt: satisfaction, lack of knowledge of spiritual care, understood that spiritual nursing care courses at the university are important for education and experience, and understood the need for experience to increase sensitivity to the spiritual needs of their patients. CONCLUSION: Maintaining spiritual wellness is a important as maintaining physical fitness and essential for optimal well being. Therefore educating student nurses in developing and maintaining spiritual wellness is essential in order for them to help their patients achieve holism.
Anxiety ; Education ; Guilt ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing Care* ; Nursing* ; Physical Fitness ; Problem Solving ; Religion ; Seoul ; Students, Nursing ; Uncertainty ; Writing

Tumor necrosis factor-n (TNF - alpha) involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and contribute to the degeneration of oligodendrocytes as well as neurons. TNF - alpha is produced by miocroglia and astrocytes, which also produce hormones and cytokines that influence its biological activity. Astrocytes, the major glial cells in the CNS, are capable of producing TNF - alpha at both the mRNA and protein levels in response to interleukine-1 (IL-1) or TNF - alpha. Two immunosuppressive cytokines, transforming growth factor - beta (TGF - beta) and IL-10, have been shown to influence glial cell function. TGF - beta can modulate the activity of glial cells by inhibiting interferon-gamma (IFN - gamma) induced expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on astrocytes and microglia. To explore the role of astrocytes in the production of TNF - alpha, astrocytes were pretreated with IL-10 or TGF - beta and then stimulated with IL-1p to determine their effects on TNF - alpha production. The secretion of TNF - alpha by human fetal astrocytes was markedly inhibited by TGF - beta at a low concentration. In contrast IL-10 had no effect on TNF - alpha mRNA level. These results show that TGF - beta may regulate the expression of TNF - alpha in activated human fetal astrocytes.
Astrocytes* ; Cytokines ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-10 ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Microglia ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Necrosis ; Neuroglia ; Neurons ; Oligodendroglia ; RNA, Messenger ; Transforming Growth Factors

No Abstract Available.
Astrocytes* ; Humans*

No abstract available.
Astrocytes* ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction*

No abstract available.
Astrocytes* ; Humans*