PURPOSE: This study was designed to explore the attitudes of physicians and nurses. METHOD: Attitudes were measured by using the korean version of the SADP(Scale of Attitudes toward the Disabled Persons : Choi, G. H., & Lam, C. S., 2000). A korean version SADP consist of 24-item, six-point Likert-type scale(the points are -3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, where -3 is disagree very much and +3 is Agree very much), measuring general attitudes toward people with disabilities. The sample included 90 physicians, 114 nurses at a university hospital in Busan. The data were collected using questionnaires, and were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, t-test and one-way ANOVA. RESULT: When studying the physicians group by itself, SADP scores tended to increase with women physicians, old age, married, higher educational level, more years of experience, medical unit. When studying the nurses group by itself, SADP scores tended to increase with the age of thirty, single, educational level, more years of experience, surgical unit. But not to a statistically significant degree. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the nurses had significantly higher score than the physicians(t=-4.63, p<.001). When studying the physicians group and the nurses group by itself, not to a statistically significant degree.
Busan ; Disabled Persons* ; Female ; Humans ; Physicians, Women ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Glutathione Transferase* ; Glutathione* ; Schistosoma japonicum* ; Schistosoma*

OBJECTIVES: Culture of sputum is apt to be contaminated through oral cavity and proximal airway. Therefore, identification of true etiologic agents by sputum culture is not always reliable. In order to differentiate the pulmonary infection from non-infectious disease and to identify the true etiologic agent of acute pulmonary infection, we used PSB(Protected Specimen Brushing) and evaluated the efficacy of PSB. METHODS: In 168 patients with acute febrile illness with pulmonary infiltrations(male 106, female: 61, mean age: 49.5+/-17.6), we performed PSB via a bronchoscope and compared the results along with blood culture and sputum culture. Protected specimen brush was introduced through biopsy channel of bronchoscope and was rotated within the purulent secretions. Tip of the brush was severed with aseptic technique and was immersed in 1cc of Ringer's lactate solution and vigorously mixed for 1 minute. The specimen was submitted for quantitative culture within 15 minutes and was regarded positive culture if colony forming units were above 10(3)/ml. RESULTS: Using PSB for the diagnosis of pulmonary infection, sensitivity was 71.1% and specificity was 84.296. PSB was helpful in identifing true etiologic agent among several potentially pathogenic organisms. Using PSB for the diagnosis of UAP (ventilator associated pneumonia), sensitivity was 72.4% and specificity was 100%. CONCLUSION: Use of PSB can be a helpful method for the diagnosis of pulmonary infection and identification of its etiologic agents.
Biopsy ; Bronchoscopes ; Diagnosis* ; Female ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Mouth ; Pneumonia ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sputum ; Stem Cells

Cysticercosis is the most frequent parasitosis of the central nervous system. A considerable group of patients require surgical procedures, especially in cases of neural compression, intracranial hypertension, or epilepsy. Recently stereotactic endoscopic removal of small intraaxial lesions using a stereotactic guiding tube and a fine endoscope was reported. We tried to control the symptomatic neurocysticercosis using the stereotactic endoscopic system. Since the introduction of this styem, we had operated on 4 cases of neurocysticercosis. Enzyme linked immunoserological assay of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF ELISA), electroencephalogram(EEG), enhanced computerized tomogram(CT) and magnetic resonance image(MRI) were done. The result of CSF ELISA were positive in 3 patients, negative in 1 patients. All patients showed abnormal patterns of preoperative EEG. CT and MRI scans showed single intraparenchymal lesion in 2 cases, multiple intraventricular cysts with obstructive hydrocephalus in 1 case and mixed in 1 case. A ll patients showed seizures;partial sensory type in 3 cases who had reciprocal intraparenchymal lesions, generalized type in 1 case who had dobstructive hydrocephalus by multiple ventricular cysts. For parenchymal lesions, we planned stereotactic open system endoscopic surgery with variable forceps, laser, and suction. Cystic forms were removed successfully but solid forms needed additional transgyral microscopic removal. In intraventricular lesions, we first placed a stereotactic guiding tube via the frontal burr hole, then replaced this with a 14 Fr peel-away catheter. Through the peel-away catheter we inserted closed system endoscopy and removed the cysts with variable forceps and suction. All intraparenchymal and intraventricular lesions were removed without specific complications except one who showed transient chemical meningitis. After 6 months, seizure was improved in all patients:3 patients can stop their medication;1 patient can reduce the dosage of his medication. Stereotactic endoscopic surgery ma kes it possible to operate cystic lesions without degeneration(vesicular stage) wherever they ware located. We believe that it may be the first option for the treatment of intraventricular and intraparenchymal cerebral neurocysticercosis especially in the early stages of degeneration.
Catheters ; Central Nervous System ; Cysticercosis* ; Electroencephalography ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epilepsy ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Intracranial Hypertension ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meningitis ; Methods ; Neurocysticercosis ; Seizures ; Suction ; Surgical Instruments

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influencing factors on externalized and internalized problem behaviors among high school students. METHODS: The subjects for this study were 707 students in two high schools in K province. The data were collected during the period from October to November, 2014 by use of questionnaires. The instruments used were the Korean Youth Self-report, Daily Hassles Questionnaire, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and Ego Resiliency Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Significant predictors to explain externalized problem behaviors comprised anger-out, anger-in, anger-control, relation with parents, daily stress, and religion. It was found that these factors explained 46% of externalized problem behavior. Ego resiliency, anger-in, daily stress, gender, relation with parent, and anger-out were significant predictors to explain internalized problem behaviors. It was found that these factors explained 45% of internalized problem behaviors. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the influencing factors on problem behaviors differ from externalized and internalized problem behaviors. So these findings will provide the basic data to develop a program that is differentiated by problem behavior type.
Adolescent* ; Anger ; Ego ; Humans ; Parents ; Problem Behavior* ; Stress, Psychological

The physical conditions of the Koreans aged 10-30 were studied by obtaining physical and nutritional indices on a sample of 10,535 males and 7,175 females which were surveyed in 1986 National Anthropometric Survey for the purpose of grasping the state of arts of the physique and physical development of Korean. The summary results are as follows :1. Anthropometric measurements : 1) Compared with the results of 1979 survey, the stature and body weight in young ages increased markdly while the sitting height increased a little or rather decreased in the males aged above 16 and in the females aged above 14. The chest circumference shows similar or rather decreased values compared with that of the past. 2) Compared with the results of 1984 anthropometric survey in Japan, the stature and body weight of the Korean young males and females in ages up to 14 show larger values than those of the Japanese. But in ages above 15, those of the Korean show similar or rather smaller values than those of the Japanese. In chest circumference, the Korean turn out to be smaller than the Japanese up to age 16. 3) Compared with the results of 1977 anthropometric survey in U.S.A., difference in the stature, chest circumference and body weight between the Korean and the American start to appear around age 12, but in sitting height there is no big difference.2. Physical and nutritional indices by ages : 1) The relative body weit to stature increases linearly up to age 16 in the males and up to 14 in the females and is larger in the females than the males at ages between 11 to 13. Compared with the results of 1979, it decreased slightly, which indicates that the growth of stature was more prominent than that of body weight. 2) The relative sitting height to stature decreased by 2-3 points than in 1979 which means that the lower part of the body grows more, and the values in the males at age 14 and in the females at age 12 are smallest. Compared with the Japanese, it shows 2-3 points smaller value. 3) The relative chest circumference shows 1-3 points smaller value compared with that of 1979, but similar vaiue compared with that of the Japanese. 4) The R hrer indices, compared with the 1979 data, become smaller in the males at ages above 12 and larger in the females above 12. But the Korean shows similar R hrer index values compared with the Japanese. 5) The Pelidisi indices of the nutritional status turn out to be increasing with advancing ages and show 2-3 points larger values compared with the past. Compared with the Japanese, the pelidisi indices of the Korean males are similar but those of the Korean females are larger. 6) The surface areas of body increase lineally up to age 15 in the males and age 13 in the females which shows a similar tendency with the past.3. Estimation of mean body weight in the Korean : A equation for the estimation of body weight in the Korean by age, sex and stature is developed.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Weight ; Female ; Growth and Development* ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Japan ; Male ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: Using c-fos expression one of the immediate early gene, as a marker of altered neuronal response, we investigated the effect of superior cervical ganglion block (SCGB) exhibiting the same effect of SGB of human on the activity of several brain regions which are considered as located on autonomic neural pathway and neuroendocrine axis in rat. METHOD: The 48 Sprague-Dawley strain rats were divided into 4 groups, as saline/stress (control) group, SCGB/stress (tested) group, saline group, SCGB group. Superior cervical ganglion block was conducted in the SCGB/stress group and SCGB group while saline/stress and saline group were sham operated. After then restraint stress was imposed on the animals of SCGB/stress group and saline/stress group. And 2 hour after injection (saline, SCGB group) or restraint stress (saline/stress, SCGB/stress group), c-fos protein (Fos) was localized by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: Much stronger Fos immunoreactivity was induced in the several brain region of control group rats compared to other three groups and the numbers of Fos positive cell count of tested group were significantly decreased in paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (p<0.01), A5 (p<0.01), raphe pallidus (p<0.05), nucleus tractus solitaius (p<0.01) compared to control group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrate that superior cervical ganglion block attenuates stress induced neuronal activities of paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, A5, raphe pallidus, nucleus tractus solitarius.
Animals ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Brain* ; Cell Count ; Genes, vif ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solitary Nucleus ; Superior Cervical Ganglion*

Free flaps have been widely used in lower leg reconstruction. However, in cases with extensive injury to the vessels as well as to the bone and soft tissues, and having only one intact major vessel in the lower leg(single vessel leg), careful selection of recipient vessels for the free flap transfer is mandatory for preventing further vascular compromise of the distal lower leg. The sural artery and its vena comitantes are frequently protected form externally harmful forces by the bulky surrounding gastrocnemius muscle and can be used as recipient vessles for free flaps without any detrimental influence on the vascularity of the distal lower leg. In our department, three latissimus dorsi muscle free flap were transferred with sural vessels as recipient vessels in the reconstruction of the single vessel legs. Except for one case of flap failure due to serious infection at the microvascular anastomoses site, all the other cases were successfully reconstructed without any necrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle or the distal leg. In addition, the sural vessels were easily accessed in any patient position and their caliber was similar to that of the vascular pedicles of the donor muscle flaps. In conclusion, the sural vessels can be another useful option in selecting recipient vessels for free flap transfer in the reconstruction of the single vessel leg.
Arteries ; Free Tissue Flaps* ; Humans ; Leg* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Necrosis ; Superficial Back Muscles ; Tissue Donors

OBJECTIVES: Nowadays, the multicultural families make up significant portion of Korean population and communities. Successful re-settling in a new country can be difficult, particularly when there are disparities in dietary behavior compared to home country. The objective of the study was to investigate the dietary behavior of marriage migrant women according to their nationality in multicultural families. METHODS: The primary research was conducted targeting 94 marriage migrant women who came from China (40.4%), Vietnam (26.6%), and other countries except for Japan (33.0%). We investigated their dietary behavior, such as eating attitude and food choice behavior for Korea acculturation. We also studied dietary behavior among 14 selected subjects who had high level of integration and assimilation acculturation patterns by administering the Focus Group Interview (FGI). RESULTS: The multicultural families had more integration acculturation patterns, which could have been influenced by their nationality. Vietnamese origin has the highest cultural adaptation as marginalization pattern. The common types of Korea acculturation were integration (3.03 +/- 1.08), separation (3.10 +/- 0.59), marginalization (3.10 +/- 0.58), followed by assimilation (2.84 +/- 0.51). There were significant differences in the four types of acculturation by marriage immigrant women's country of origin (p<0.05). According to dietary behavior, 'eliminating hunger' was the most important value in a meal. Chinese marriage migrant women, who had higher level of food intake attitude significantly, also considered 'being healthy' an important value. Regarding food choice behavior, Vietnamese had lowest frequency of homeland food intake. Most of marriage immigrant women were satisfied with the Korean food, and need for education was very high with interest for cooking, good nutrition, and managing their children's dietary life. CONCLUSIONS: Coping with a change in dietary behavior is one of the biggest transitional difficulties, and family members may need support to find their familiar food items and to continue their cultural food choice behavior in the local areas. Further researches with quantitative and qualitative analysis are needed to understand the effect of dietary behavior for acculturation in multicultural families.
Acculturation ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Choice Behavior ; Cooking ; Eating ; Education ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Ethnic Groups* ; Female ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Marriage* ; Meals ; Transients and Migrants* ; Vietnam

We evaluate the psychosocial characteristics and primary reason for electing operation in myopic patients who were candidates for photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The questionnaire data were collected on PRK patients and compared them with similar group of myopia. Most of the PHK patients were unmarried female in their twenties. The most striking demographic chracteristic of PRK sample was that the high proportion of them was highly educated office worker with high socioeconomic status. They were in possession of extroversive character rather than introversive one. They thought that their visual acuity was very serious, and preferred wearing contact lens for visual correction. The most important reason for undergoing PRK was avoiding inconveniences of contact lens or glasses. The other reasons were improving vision, improving appearance, and hoping to change life style with better vision. They were afraid of unpredictability of visual recovery and occurrence of complications, after operation, The results of this study may help analyze the factors that influence the success of PRK and patient's satisfaction.
Eyeglasses ; Female ; Glass ; Hope ; Humans ; Life Style ; Myopia ; Photorefractive Keratectomy* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Single Person ; Social Class ; Strikes, Employee ; Visual Acuity