The purpose of study was to identify relationship between body image and depression of diabetes mellitus patients. The subjects of study were 120 diabetes mellitus patients who were B hospital in Pusan. Data were collected from 15th April to 20th August, 1998. The instrument used for this study were Osgood's body image scale and Zung's depression scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficients. The results were as follows: 1. The mean score of body image was 68.91+/-8.04, and the mean score of depression was 56, 18+/-1.58. 2. The score of body image according to marital status(t=-2.434, p = ,016). economic status (F=6.252, p=.001), reason of different regular hospital visiting(F=3.017, p=.014), treatment method of diabetes mellitus (F=3.048, p=.013) were significantly difference. ere significantly difference. The score of depression according to sex(t= 2.353, p= .020). occupational status (F=4.657, p=.002), marital status(t=-2.325, p=.022), economic status(F=5.536, p=.001), regular hospital visiting(t=2.081. p=.040), reason of different regular hospital visiting(F=3.352, p=.007), treatment method of diabetes mellitus(F=3.102. p=.012), paticipation of diabetes mellitus(t=3.726, p = .000), paticipation of diabetes mellitus visiting(F=4,819. p=.003) were significantly difference. 5. Body image and depression was a significant negative correlation(r=-.679. p=.000).
Body Image* ; Busan ; Depression* ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Employment ; Humans

Pain management is a major issue in caring of cancer patients. Because pain management cancer patient of does not control effectively. it is important to educate reporting pain and using analgesics for having cancer patient's concerns and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of cancer pain management education on the pain and concerns of pain management in cancer patients. This study was a quasi-experimental as nonequivalent control pretest-post test design. The subjects of this study consisted of 50 (experimental group 25. control group 25) patients hospitalized in K university hospital in Busan. The data were collected from December 1. 2001 to April 12. 2002. The measurement tool for the concerns of pain management had used questionnaires interpretated by Kim(1999) developed by based Ward(1993) and pain nominal scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency. percentage. mean, SD. chi2test, t-test, ANCOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The 1st hypothesis: The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in the score of pain was not supported (p>0.05). 2. The 2nd hypothesis: The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in concerns of pain management was supported (F=5.285, p 0.01). In conclusion. the cancer pain management education can know what was effective to decrease in the concerns of pain management in cancer patients. Therefore. Pain Management Education must be positively utilized in clinical situation.
Analgesics ; Anxiety ; Busan ; Education* ; Humans ; Pain Management* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purposes of this study was to determine the effect of beach ball play in stroke patients, and to define the strategy to promote their depression, powerlessness, self-esteem, activity of daily living. The experimental design was designed nonequivalent control group, non-synchroniged design. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 57 patients who had been in patient department in D University hospital in Pusan from January 5th 1998 to the end of February 28th, 1998. Beach ball play was carried out experimental group once per day for 10 minute's for two weeks period from Jan 1998 to Feb 1998. Data was collected before and after the experimenation. Collected data was analyzed by means of frequency, percentage, chi-square test, mean, S.D, t-test with SPSS/PC. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The I st hypothesis: The experimental group which received the beach ball play should be higher in depression than the control group was supported(t=3.11, p=.003). 2. The 2nd hypothesis: The experimental group which received the beach ball play should be higher in powerlessness than the control group was supported(t=3.32. p=.002). 3. The 3rd hypothesis: The experimental group which received the beach ball play should be higher in self-esteem than the control group was not supported(t=-1.90, p=.064). 4. The 4th hypothesis: The experimental group which received the beach ball play should be higher in activity of daily living than the control group was not supported(t=-.47, p=.637). In conclusion, the patients who received beach ball play showed the increase in the degree of depression and powerlessness of stroke patients. So the beach ball play had been judged the nursing intervention to improve their emotional problem in stroke patients.
Busan ; Depression* ; Humans ; Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Design ; Stroke*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-concept and self-care activities of the cerebral palsied adolescents and to gain the baseline data for development of effective rehabilitation nursing intervention program of the cerebral palsied adolescents. The design of this study was a descriptive correlational study. The subjects of the study were 160 cerebral palsied adolescents attending at special schools located in Seoul and Kyonggi and rehabilitation centers located in Seoul. Kyonggi and Kyongnam province. The data was collected from May 20 to July 20, 2000, The instrument used for this study were the self-concept scale(50items 4point scale) and self-care activities scale(29items 4point scale). Self-Concept Scale had developed by Fitt(1965), which was standardized by Chung(1968) and modified by Kim(1984). Self-Care Activities Scale developed by the researcher throughout the consulting of expert and pilot study on the basis of ADL check list developed by Kang(1984) and LDSQ-3(Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnair-3) developed by Na et al. (1995). The data was analyzed by the SPSS/PC + program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA & Scheffe test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The mean score of self-concept was 138.55+/-17,20(range: 50-100), which the item mean score was 2,77+/-0.34((range: 1-4). The score of subarea of the self-concept was the highest score in family self (3.01+/-0.54) and the lowest score in physical self (2.52+/-0.42). 2. The mean score of self-care activities was 95.25+/-21.69(range: 29-116), which the item mean score was 3.28+/-0.75(range:1-4). The score of subarea of the self-care activities was the highest score in feeding(3.75+/-0.59) and the lowest score in walking(2.64+/-1.21). 3, There were statistically significant difference in the score of self-concept according to the age (F=3.24, P= .04), the grads(F=4.36, p= ,01), and types of cerebral palsy (F=2.42, P=,03). 4. There were statistically significant difference in the score of self-care activities according to the age(F=8,29, P= .00), the grads (F=16.05, P= ,00), types of living place (F=6.46, P= .00), types of cerebral palsy(F=48.92, P= .00), whether or not receiving a rehabilitation therapy (t=-3.64, P= .00), whether or not receiving a vocational training (t=2.14. p= .03), and whether or not using a device (t=-7.42, P= .00). 5. There was not significant correlation between self-concept and self-care activities(r= .08 1. P= .311).
Activities of Daily Living ; Adolescent* ; Cerebral Palsy ; Gyeonggi-do ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Pilot Projects ; Rehabilitation ; Rehabilitation Centers ; Rehabilitation Nursing ; Self Care* ; Seoul

The elderly can experience a lot of stressful events and the stress acts as a various fluent that affects a well-being level, the self-contentment of lives. and the achievements by themselves. Also. the elderly are different from the young in many unexpressed stress and have diverse copings for perceived stress. Moreover. they mainly seem to use a problem-focused coping and an emotion-focused coping. To use whatever copings is to improve the quality of life in the old period and very important fact to achieve their ends. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Perceived Stress and the Ways of Coping in the Elderly and to gain the baseline data for development of nursing intervention program for improve to the quality of life in the elderly. The design of this study was a correlational study. The subjects of this study consisted of 230 of the elderly living in Pusan. The data was collected from 1st July, to 1st September. 2002. The instruments used for this study were 'Perceived Stress Scale(20items, 5point. scale)' developed by Kang In(990) and translated by Lee young-ja(1999). and its reliability is Cronbach's a= .89. Coping Scale(30items, 4point. scale. 14 items about a problem-focused coping, 16 items about an emotion-focused coping, 4 points scale) developed by Lazarus & Folkman (1984) and translated by Yang Young-hee(1998). The reliability of this study is Cronbach's a = .90. The data was analyzed by the SPSS WIN 10.0 program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA & Scheffe test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The mean score of perceived stress was 31.75+/-0.23(Min 20, Max 100), which the item mean score was 1.59+/-.51(Min 1. Max 5). 2. The number of subjects in a problem-focused coping was 72(31.3%), the number of subjects in an emotion-focused coping was 158(68.7%) 3. There were statistically significant positive correlation between perceived stress and problem-focoused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method. (r = .180, r= .209, p< .05). It means the more stress, the more problem-focoused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method. 4. There was significant difference the score of perceived stress according to sex (F=-5.057, P=.000)marital status, (F=-2.909. P=.004) , economic level, (F=10.243, P=.000), paticipated meeting, (F=9.346, P=.000), perceived health status(F=5.1l7, P=.007). 5. There was significant difference the score of problem-focoused coping method according to age(F=14.200, P=.000), marital status (F=2.432, P=.0160), economic level (F=14.410, P=.000), monthly income, (F=8.300. P= .000), income resource (F=10.235, P=.000), educational level (F= 15.222, P= .000), occupation (F= 1.544, P=.04l), paticipated meeting (F=4.936, P= .008), perceived health status(F=5.655, P= .004). And there was significant difference the score of emotion-focoused coping method according to monthly income(F=4.781, P= .009), income resource (F=2.930, P= .035), educational level (F=6.101. P=.003), religion(F=2698, P= .032), paticipated meetings(F=7.285, P= .00l). As a result of the study, the elderly had a bit less stress and the two-thirds of the elderly used the emotion-focused coping. Thus, the more perceived stress, the more problem-focoused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method. Accordingly, to improve the quality of life of the elderly, there needs and applies a nursing intervention program that relieves the stress and use effective coping method.
Aged* ; Busan ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Marital Status ; Nursing ; Occupations ; Quality of Life

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the humor intervention program, administred to the hemodialysis patient as an adaptive coping mechanism. The research design was non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 36 patients who had been out patient hemodialysis room at B hospital in Pusan from August 18 to September 15, 1998. The humor intervention program consisted of 1 TV comedy, 1 home video and 1 comedy film. The humor intervention program was provided to the experimental group for 20-30 minute 3 times every other day at hemodialysis room. Dependent variables were measured by Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory, Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale, Lefcourt & s Humor Coping Scale. The analysis of the collected data had been done for the hemogeneity test in which general characteristics of the experimental group and the control group had been tested by chi- test and the hemogeneity test had been tested by t-test before using the humor intervention program which is for anxiety, depression and coping of humor. To test the hypothesis the t-test had been given for the difference of anxiety, depression and coping of humor between the two groups. The result were summarized as follows: 1. Anxiety score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 2. Depression score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 3. Coping of humor score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. In conclusion, even though humor intervention program did not have any efficient effect on hemodialysis patients in reacting to anxiety, depression and coping humor, it caused very positive reactions from patients, and it also reducted anxiety of patients among the experimental group a little bit. If this program could be sufficiently applied according to the character of every patients with a little bit different appliences such as selection of humor intervention program, frequency and period, it will be used as an efficient the humor intervention program.
Anxiety* ; Busan ; Depression* ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Renal Dialysis* ; Research Design

The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between job satisfaction and burnout experience. The subjects were 225 nephrology nurses in Pusan, and Kyung Sang Namdo and Kyung Sang Bukdo. The data were collected from Nov. 20 to Dec. 3, 1996 using questionnaires method. Job satisfaction measured job satisfaction tool by Slavitt et al, and burnout experience measured burnout experience scale by Pines et al. The questionnaire consisted of question regarding job satisfaction scale(44 items 5 point scale) and burnout experience scale(21 items 7 point scale). The reliability of this instrument was that the hob satisfaction was Cronbach's alpha=0.8298 and the burnout experience was Cronbach's alpha=0.8960. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. In the demosociographic characteristics showed the highest level was as follows : 26-30 years old group(40.2%), married(56.4%), graduated junior college of nursing(87.6%), non the religious(35.6%), the effect of religion upon life is not effected(35.6%). In the characteristics related to nursing profession showed the highest level was as follows : Hospital style is secondary hospital(that have above 450 beds) (53.3%), staff nurse(72.9%), the length of clinical experience at hemodialysis room is less than 2 years(39.1%), number of patient was assigned a nephrology nurses is 5(40.4%), work in two shift(55.6%), the nurses professional motivation is family recommended(33.8%), the nurses intention to stay is until for needed(58.2%), the chance for professional growth is not enough(44.9%), degree of satisfaction with nursing is moderate(43.2%). 2. The mean score of the total hob satisfaction is 3.06 of 5 point Likert-type scale. Task requirements(3.51) among the component factors of the job satisfaction was the highest value and then the interaction among fellow nurses(3.34), job prestige/status(3.33), autonomy(3.27), organizational requirement(2.55), and pay(2.39) was the lowest 3. The mean score of the total burnout experience is 3.20 of 7 point Likert-type scale. Physical exhaustion(3.36) among the component factors of the burnout experience was the highest value and then emotional exhaustion(3.20), and mental exhaustion(2.95) was the lowest. 4. Job satisfaction according to demosociographic characteristics of the subjects showed significant differences in the effect of religion upon one's life(F=3.268, p=0.013). Job satisfaction according to characteristics related to nursing profession of the subjects showed significant differences in the hospital type(F=3.479, p=0.033), position(F=3.165, p=0.044), number of patient was assigned a nephrology nurses(F=2.552, p=0.040), nurses intention to stay(F=7.153, p=0.001), the chance for professional nursing growth(F=3.735, p=0.006), the degree of satisfaction with nursing(F=12.680,p=0.000). Burnout experience according to characteristics related to nursing profession of the subjects showed significant differences in the position(F=3.247, p=0.041), number of patient was assigned nephrology nurses(F=4.220, p=0.003), shift(F=3.148, p=0.045), nurses intention to stay(F=9.911, p=0.000), the degree of satisfaction with nursing(F=13.234, p=0.000). 5. Job satisfaction and burnout experience was signigicant negative correlation(r=-.5466, p<.001).
Busan ; Humans ; Intention ; Job Satisfaction* ; Motivation ; Nephrology* ; Nursing ; Renal Dialysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to the relationship between powerlessness, self-efficacy and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. The subjects were compromised of 198 hemodialysis patients from Pusan, Kyung-Sang Namdo and Kyung-Sang Bukdo 6 hemodialysis clinics. There were significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and quality of life(r= .512, p .00l). Data were collected by questionnaires from Sep. 19 to Oct. 27, 2001. The instrument used for study were the Powerlessness Behavioral Assessment Tool (Miller, 1983) and self-efficacy developed by Kim, Ju-Hyun(1995) and quality of life developed by Kim, Ok-Soo(1993). Collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, pearson correlation The results were as follows. 1. The mean score of powerlessness was 52.41+/-.93, mean mark 3.28+/-.43, and the mea score of self-efficacy was 45.44+/-.75, mean mark 2.87+/-.49, and the mea score of quality of life was 121.27+/-3.81. mean mark 2.96+/-.58. 2. There were significant differences in the level of powerlessness according to sex (1,=2.148, p= .033), occupation(t=3.682, p=.000), economic status(F=3.094, p=.048), experience of hospitalization (1,=-2.002. p= .047). 3. There were significant differences in the level of self-efficacy according to age(F=3.271. p=.013), economic status (F=5.759, p=.004), religion(F=2.667, p= .048), hemodialysis period(F=2.991. p =.032), hemodialysis frequency(t = 9.045, p = .003), experience of hospitalization (1,=4.40, p=.037). 4. There were significant differences in the level of quality of life according to occupation(t=3.796, p=.053), economic status(F=11.478, p=.000), hemodialysis frequency(t=7.573, p=.006). 5 There were significant negative correlation between powerlessness and self-efficacy (r=- .401. p .001), powerlessness and quality of .life(r=- .562, p .001),
Busan ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Renal Dialysis*

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of changes in obesity and life style factors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise, on the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol among Korean men. METHODS: This study included 7,205 healthy male employees in the steel manufacturing industry. Each subject underwent health examination in 1994 and was re-examined in 1997. The study subjects were classified into four categories, according to changes in body mass index (BMI) (loss; stable; mild gain; severe gain), cigarette smoking (quitter; non-smoker; smoker continued; smoker started), alcohol drinking (quitter; non-drinker; drinker continued; drinker started) and exercise (more exercise; continuous regular exercise; continuous irregular or no exercise; less exercise), respectively. We evaluated the relationship between the categories of change in those independent variables and the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol, adjusted for BMI in 1994 and age by analysis of variance. RESULTS: The change in systolic blood pressure was positively associated with the changes in BMI (p<0.001) and drinking (p=0.001), but negatively with smoking (p=0.004), compared to the first category of each independent variables. The systolic blood pressure was significantly less increased in the continuous smoking group than quitter or non-smoker. The changes in diastolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol appeared to have statistically significant linear relationships only with the change in BMI. The change in exercise showed a marginal significance with diastolic blood pressure (p=0.088). CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data emphasize the importance of obesity as a determinant of the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol. In addition, the changes in smoking and drinking habits can affect systolic blood pressure.
Alcohol Drinking ; Blood Pressure* ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol* ; Drinking ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Male ; Obesity ; Prospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Steel*

A Preliminary study for the evaluation of the Rehabilitation Nursing Program(RNP) implemented to the 25 stroke survivors at the Day Care Program Center of National Rehabilitation Hospital in Seoul was done at 1999. The purposes of this study was to assess the psychological effects as outcome-variables such as depression. powerlessness and self efficacy of the stroke survivors who were discharged from acute care hospitals. The Rehabilitation Nursing Program (RNP) integrated with the Day Care Program for rehabilitation was implemented and the psychological outcome variables were measured by 3 psychologic instruments of Zung Depression Scale. Millers's powerlessness and the Bandura's self efficacy scale. These instruments were translated into Korean and the contents validity and the reliability were tested. The subjects were 17 males and 8 females and 52% were aged over 51 years old and 24 % were from 31 to 50 years old. Most of them(72 %) had been educated more than high school level. The contents of RNP were 8 sessions composing of self-introduction. individualized assessment, health contract and feedback, management of depression, shaving experiences, effective communication, self efficacy teaching, health information. and daily care activities. This study found that the level of depression and the powerlessness were within average level and had not been changed the level of self efficacy after RNP were somewhat higher than before, but it was not changed significantly. According to the results. the psychological state of the subjects were not changed significantly. Only the level of self efficacy was a little improved after having the RNP. Based on theses results, the RNP should be focussed on the psychological nursing care and the psychological outcome variables were retested strictly with the enough sample size.
Day Care, Medical* ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nursing Care ; Rehabilitation Nursing* ; Rehabilitation* ; Sample Size ; Self Efficacy ; Seoul ; Stroke* ; Survivors*