Organ transplantations have become popular procedures for diseases in modern medical field with developing medical science. There have been so many hot discussions about ethical issues of organ transplantation, especially brain death, whenever medical ethics was addressed. However, we have not so far discussed ethical issues related to tissue banking, even though the history of tissue banking in medicine is longer than that of organ transplantation and the range of use of Human-based tissues is wider than that of organ transplantation. Tissue banking has medically and ethically similar aspects with organ transplantation, but tissue banking system has unique characteristics in total process. Ethical questions related to tissue banking involve informed consent, conflicts of interest, and the equitable distribution of human-based tissues and related profit issues. Families expect that their beloved ones' tissue will be used to improve the lives of people with medical needs, either through transplantation or medical research. However, concerns have been raised that some tissue might be used for purpose other than those intended by the donor. Donors may intend or believe that donated skin shall be used for the treatment of burn victims. However, in some cases it might be used for elective cosmetic surgery. It is not clear how much human-based tissues are currently used for cosmetic purposes, but there is always a potential commercial application of human-based tissues. The question is whether this is morally acceptable. We should always honor and treat with respect to the donors' wishes, and distribute the human-based tissues maximizing its usefulness and minimizing its hazards and waste the tissue.
Brain Death ; Burns ; Ethics* ; Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Organ Transplantation ; Skin ; Surgery, Plastic ; Tissue Banks* ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Genome, Human* ; Human Genome Project* ; Humans ; Humans*

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mouth care on the relief of oral discomfort undergoing radiation therapy patients. The nonequivalent control group time series design was used for this experimental study. The subjects were 32 patients who were receiving radiation therapy at P, D, G, hospital in Pusan from July 1, 1996 to August 31 1996. Among 32 subjects, 16 were placed in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. The subjects were contacted at the hospital, given an explanation of the study, and asked them to participate. The experimental group was educated according to oral care protocol. The data were collected through interviews, observations, and the health care records of the patients. The instruments were the "Perceived Oral Symptoms Assessment" by Chung, C. W. and "Oral Assessment Guide(OAG)" by Elers, Berger, & Petersen. SPSS PC+ was used to analyze the collected data. The general characteristics were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviations. The homogeneties between the experimental groups and control groups were tested by t-test and chi-square test. Perceived oral symptoms & OAG were tested by mean and standard deviations. The results of this research can summarized as follows : 1. Between two groups, the differences of perceived oral symptoms were not statistically significant (t=.0035, p=.9634). 2. In time series analysis the differences of perceived oral symptoms between two groups in the 7th week were only significant(t=5.0123, p=.0491). 3. The comparisons of each item in perceived oral symptoms, the differences between two groups were observed but they were not statistically significant. 4. Between two groups, the differences of OAG were not significant statistically(t=.0221, p=.8827). 5. In time series analysis, the differences of OAG between two groups were no statistically significant. 6. The comparisons of each item in OAG, the differences between two groups were observed but they were not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study could be utilized in patients care with radiation therapy although the results of the experiment were not accepted statistically.
Busan ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Mouth*

The purpose of this study was to provide basic informations for developing family-focused nursing interventions for families with chronic illness. the results of this study were as follows. In family caregiver systems, spouses of chronically ill patients showed higher anxiety scores9t=4.71, P=.000) and higher scores of the perceived importance of family functioning(t=3.67, P=.000) than those of children of chronically ill patients. But spouses showed lower scores of the satisfaction of family functioning (t=2.92, P=.005) than those of children of chronically ill patients. For spouses of chronically ill patients, the correlation between the satisfaction of family functioning and anxiety turned out to be significant9r=-.518, P=.001). However for children the correlation between them was not statistically significant. Findings of this study suggest that families with chronic illness need family-focused nursing interventions to relieve their anxiety and to improve family functioning. In conclusion, the investigation about family functioning and anxiety provides useful information for family-focused nursing care, especially for spouses of chronically ill patients. This information will contribute to developing the support systems for family caregivers and the education programs that helps chronically ill patients.
Anxiety* ; Caregivers* ; Child ; Chronic Disease* ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Spouses

PURPOSE: This research is to know whether aroma foot massage has influence on the relief of anxiety and pain during colonoscopy under conscious sedation. METHOD: This research was designed as a quasi-experiment of non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest. Data were collected from April 1 2005 to August 30 2005. The subjects were divided into three groups (control group, foot massage group and aroma foot massage group) with 30 persons each. Anxiety was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), blood pressure and pulse. Pain response was measured with VAS and non-verbal pain behavior score. Sleep satisfaction was measured with a graphic rating scale. Data were analyzed through Chi-square test, t-test and repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure, pulse, subjective anxiety and pain scores from the aroma foot massage group decreased significantly. Sleep satisfaction score of the aroma foot massage group increased significantly. Diastolic blood pressure from the aroma foot massage group did not decrease. CONCLUSION: The results show that aroma foot massage with refined oils can increase sleep satisfaction and decrease anxiety and pain during colonoscopy under conscious sedation.
Anxiety* ; Blood Pressure ; Colonoscopy* ; Conscious Sedation* ; Foot* ; Humans ; Massage* ; Oils

This retrospective descriptive study was conducted to survey the needlestick injuries(NSI) in nurses and doctors. Thc subjccts of this study wcrc 351 nurscs and 199 doctors of four teaching hospitals. Pusan. The data was gathered from March, 18 to April 9. 1988 and analyzed though SPSSWIN progra n for frequency, percentile and X2-test. According to the results of the study, 85.5% of subjects had experienced NSI (94.4% of the nurses and 73.9% of the doctors). The ratio of the experience of NSI in nurses was significantly higher than that of doctors(X2=53.54, P=.00). Most needle-stick injuries occured during the administration of intravenous injection(36.7%) in nurses, on the other hand percutaneous venipuncture for blood sampling(35.3%), suturing(27.2%) in doctors. The most ccmmon situation of these NSI was recapping contaminated needles after treatment. Only 12.0% of nurses and 38.6% of doctors reported wearing gloves when the NSI happened. 26.1% of subjects reported that they could not identify the source patient after MI. The major reason of NSI were preeeived to be carelessness%1.4%). Of these NSI, 54.6% occured in :usy or emergency situations. Among the management for NSI, exam(8.6%), mefication(9.8%) and counseling(11.7%) and reporting(2,6%. is lower than bleeding(80.3%) from the wound, deaning( 63.3%), disinfection(91.3%) and reviewing the clinical records of the patients (82.3%). In conclusion, nurses and doctors are at a high-risk of needlestick injuries but substantially they are not good at preventing and managing NSI. So efforts to reduce NSI should be directed not only at improving procedural skills for intravenous catheter insertions, but also in increasing use of barrier protection such as gloves, and so on. Also immunization and educational efforts should be made along with better designs of needles to reduce the risk of NSI. Continuing prevention and training programs for NSI are needed in order to avoid unwanted infection.
Busan ; Catheters ; Dronabinol ; Education ; Emergencies ; Hand ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Immunization ; Needles ; Needlestick Injuries* ; Phlebotomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Wounds and Injuries

No abstract available.
Cephalosporins*

Using the APCHE III tool, this study was about the factors related to the death of ICU-patients. From 1999. 12. 1 to 2000. 9. 30, the 284 patients admitted to ICU at P university who were over 15 years of age were selected for the subjets. The data was analyzed through SPSS WIN program for frequency, percentile, x2-test, t-test and logistic regression. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Of the 284 patients, 88died. The mortality is 31.0 percent. The average APACHE III point was 48.62 +/- 32.32. The average point of non-survivors was higher than that of survivors. 2) There are the significant difference between APACHE III marks and mortality. The mortality rate were over 50 percent 60 points of the mark. When the marks were over 100 points, the mortality were over 90 percent. Below 40 points, the mortality was below 10 percent. Among the variables in the APACHE III, the most significant variables in explaining death were neurologic abnormalities, pulse, PaO2/ AaDO2, creatinine, sodium, glucose, chronic health state and age. According to the variables, the models explained the 42.43 percent of the variance in patient's death. In conclusion, the APACHE III tool can be used to predict the progress of ICU patients, and can also be used for the selection of patients for ICU admission/discharge criteria.
APACHE* ; Creatinine ; Glucose ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mortality ; Sodium ; Survivors

This study examined and identified the relationship between the level of hope and self-care agency in hemodialysis patients. The purpose of the study was to reveal that hope is an essential factor to enhance self-care agency and to prepare the basic materials to help nurse the patients. The subjects for this study consisted of 108 persons who undergoing hemodialysis from 2 hospital. 2 hemodialysis center in Pusan, Korea. The degree of hope was measured by the questionnaire that has been developed by Miller. The self-care agency was measured by the questionnaire that has been developed by Kearney B.Y & Fleisher B.J. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test. one-way ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient with SPSS WIN program. Results were obtained as follows: 1) The mean scores of hope were 131.77+/-25.77 (range 67-195). The rate of hope classified said that the lowest hope was 2.8% and low hope was 27.8%. 2) The mean scores of self-care agency were 143.78+/-23.63(range 74-187). The degree of self-care agency classified said that the rate of self-care agency deficiency was 0.9% and low self-care agency was 12.0%. 3)The hope was significantly retated to self-care agency. That is, the higher the hope score was, the higher the level of self-care agency score (r = 0.668, p = 0.001) was. In this result, there were hemodialysis patients who have very low hope score and self-care agency score. In this cases self-care agency can be increased by encouraging the patients to be more hopeful. Conclusively nurses should access the degree of hope and self-care agency of hemodialysis patients individually and apply the hope therapy in order that the patient have higher hope than before.
Busan ; Hope* ; Humans ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Renal Dialysis* ; Self Care*

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the humor intervention program, administred to the hemodialysis patient as an adaptive coping mechanism. The research design was non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 36 patients who had been out patient hemodialysis room at B hospital in Pusan from August 18 to September 15, 1998. The humor intervention program consisted of 1 TV comedy, 1 home video and 1 comedy film. The humor intervention program was provided to the experimental group for 20-30 minute 3 times every other day at hemodialysis room. Dependent variables were measured by Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory, Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale, Lefcourt & s Humor Coping Scale. The analysis of the collected data had been done for the hemogeneity test in which general characteristics of the experimental group and the control group had been tested by chi- test and the hemogeneity test had been tested by t-test before using the humor intervention program which is for anxiety, depression and coping of humor. To test the hypothesis the t-test had been given for the difference of anxiety, depression and coping of humor between the two groups. The result were summarized as follows: 1. Anxiety score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 2. Depression score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 3. Coping of humor score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. In conclusion, even though humor intervention program did not have any efficient effect on hemodialysis patients in reacting to anxiety, depression and coping humor, it caused very positive reactions from patients, and it also reducted anxiety of patients among the experimental group a little bit. If this program could be sufficiently applied according to the character of every patients with a little bit different appliences such as selection of humor intervention program, frequency and period, it will be used as an efficient the humor intervention program.
Anxiety* ; Busan ; Depression* ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Renal Dialysis* ; Research Design