PURPOSE: This study was to examine the relationships between knowledge about osteoporosis and cognitive factors in middle-aged women. METHOD: The subjects were 293 middle-aged women. Data collection was performed by using a questionnaire that included an Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, Osteoporosis Self- Efficacy Scale and Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale developed by Kim, Horan and Gendler (1991). Data was analyzed using the SPSS Win 10.0 program for descriptive statistics, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULT: The mean osteoporosis knowledge was 14.0. The subscale means of osteoporosis health belief variables were: susceptibility 15.9, seriousness 17.2, benefits of exercise 22.9, benefits of calcium 21.4, barriers to exercise 20.9, barriers to calcium 22.5, and health motivation 18.6. The mean osteoporosis self-efficacy was 39.3 with a moderate score. There were significantly positive correlations among knowledge about osteoporosis, health belief, and self-efficacy about osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis knowledge, health belief, and osteoporosis self-efficacy are related. Therefore, knowledge through education is an important factor in behavioral changes and it contributes to increase the health belief and self-efficacy of osteoporosis.
Calcium ; Data Collection ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Motivation ; Osteoporosis* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Efficacy

No abstract available.
Blood Platelets*

BACKGROUND: In recent years, lymphocyte subset analysis in peripheral blood is widely performed using erythrocytes-lysed whole blood and two color immunofluorescence/flow cytometry method. Use of fresh blood drawn within 6 hours of staining is recommended, and some patients have to revisit the hospital for blood collection. We tested whether 24 hours-refrigerated/stored whose blood can be used for lymphocyte subset analysis. METHODS: Twenty consecutive blood samples from patients (including nine HIV positive patients) collected in EDTA-vacutainer were tested: 1) on the day of sampling using fresh blood kept at room temperature for up to 6 hours until staining (as recommended by the manufacturer) and 2) on the following day using the same tube of blood refrigerated for 24 hours after the first staining. Two colon immunofluorescenc staining was done using Simultest(TM) IMK-Lymphocyte kit (Beckon Dickinson, U.S.A.) and flow cytometric analysis was performed using FACScan and SimulSET(TM) software (Becton Dickinson, U.S.A.). Results of alive kinds of Lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CDl9+, CD3+CD4+CD3+CD8+, CD3-CDl6+ and/or CD56+) on day 1 and day 2 were compared by pained-t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: There was no significant change of values for all of the lymphocyte subsets except CD3+CD8+suppressor/cytotoxic (S/C) T cells. There was a slight but statistically significant change in S/C T cells (39.9%-->41.8%: 1.9%, p=0.008) after 24 hours of refrigeration, and this change was observed mainly in HIV-positive patient group. However, there was no significant change in the absolute count of helper/inducer T cells or CD4/CD8 ratio, and the change of S/C T cells in these patients was not considered to be of clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the values of lymphocyte subsets between fresh blood and 24 hours-refrigerated blood was negligible and it is concluded that 24 hours-stored blood samples can be used for lymphocyte subset analysis for clinical purposes.
Colon ; HIV ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Subsets* ; Lymphocytes* ; Refrigeration ; T-Lymphocytes

BACKGROUND: The HLA system is known to be the most polymorphic genetic system in human and there are characteristic racial differences in the distribution of HLA antigens, alleles, and haplotypes. This study was performed to examine the frequency of HLA antigens, alleles and haplotypes in Koreans. METHODS: Two thousand healthy Koreans registered for unrelated bone marrow donors were subject to the study. HLA-A, B and C antigens were typed by the serological method, and HLA-DR DNA typing (low resolution) was done by PCR and reverse hybridization. HLA allele and haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium values were calculated by the maximun likelihood method using the computer program of the 11th International Histocompatibility Workshop. RESULTS: HLA antigens identified in 2000 Koreans were 14 in A locus, 33 in B locus, 8 in C locus and 12 in DR locus. Alleles showing frequencies of more than 10% in decreasing order of frequency In each HLA locus were A2, A24, A33, All, B44, B62; CBL, Cw3, Cwl, Cw7, DR4, DR2, DRl3, DR8, and DR9. Among A-B, C-B, B-DR 2-locus haplotypes, A33-B44, A30-B13, Al-B37, Cwl-B54, Cw4-B62, B7-DR1, B37-DR10 showed strong positive linkage disequilibrium (Chi-square > 1000). The most common A-B-DR haplotypes in Koreans occurring at frequency of more than 2% were A33-B44-DRl3 (4.8%), A33-B58-DRl3 (3.2%), A33-B44-DR7 (2.6%), All-B62-DR4 (2.3%), A24-B7-DR1 (2.3%), and A30-Bl3-DR7 (2.1%) Comparison of the distribution of A-B-DR haplotypes among east Asian populations reveals that Koreans are most close to Japanese, but show higher degree of polymorphism in the distribution of HLA haplotypes compared to Japanese. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study can be used as basic data for Koreans in the fields of organ transplantation, disease association studies and anthropologic studies.
Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Marrow ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Education ; Haplotypes* ; Histocompatibility ; HLA Antigens* ; HLA-A Antigens ; HLA-DR Antigens ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Organ Transplantation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a genetic syndrome characterized by complete or partial resistance of end organ to the peripheral effect of androgen. Patient have a male karyotype(46,XY) and bilateral testes. Appearance of external genitalia depend on the degree of androgen insensitivity. In the complete form, external genitalia is normal female but in the incomplete form, external genitalia figure varies hom that of a virilized female to that of an undervirilized male with a short penis and hypospadia. The gonads are able to be located along the descending course of the testis during development. The usual presenting symptom in complete type is primary amenorrhea or inguinal mass, but in incomplete type, the patient mainly present with ambiguous genitalia. Recently we experienced one case of this syndmme and removed the bilateral gonads, so we report it with brief review of literatures.
Amenorrhea ; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Female ; Genitalia ; Gonads* ; Humans ; Hypospadias ; Male ; Penis ; Testis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to address the difference menopausal symptoms according to sasang constitution and menopausal status among perimenopausal women. METHODS: Data for this cross-sectional study was collected by administering questionnaires that elicited general information. The menopause rating scale (MRS) and Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II (QSCC II) was given to 284 perimenopausal women who met the eligibility criteria and agreed to participate in the study. RESULTS: The study subjects were composed of 27.5% so-yangin, 24.6% so-eumin, 18.7% tae-eumin, and 29.6% undefined category. The total MRS and all subscales were significantly higher for postmenopausal women in comparison to premenopausal women. Especially, so-eumin and tae-eumin displayed significantly higher scores in urogenital symptoms. The MRS score in postmenopausal women who belonged to the group of tae-eumin and so-eumin was significantly higher than those for premenopausal women. However, so-yangin displayed higher scores in psychological and urogenital symptoms than tae-eumin for premenopausal women. So-eumin presented significantly higher scores in urogenital symptoms in comparison to the undefined category for postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that sasang constitution could be an important factor in understanding the woman's menopausal symptoms and identify the best treatment.
Constitution and Bylaws ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Perimenopause ; Postmenopause ; Premenopause ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: There is increasing attention to smart-learning as a new education paradigm. The purpose of this study was to identify the level of intention to use smart-based Continuing Nurse Education (CNE) and factors influencing intention to use smart-based CNE. METHODS: Participants were 486 nurses from 14 organizations, including 12 hospitals, a nurses association, and an office of education. Data were collected from November 5 to 18, 2014 using self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The mean score for intention to use smart-based CNE was 6.34 out of 10. The factors influencing intention to use smart-based CNE were nursing informatics competency, current unit career, and smartphone addiction. These variables explained 10% of variance in intention to use smart-based CNE. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that efforts to enhance the nursing informatics competency of nurses could increase usage rate of smart-based CNE. The CNE policy makers will find this study very useful and the findings of this study will help to provide insight into the best way to develop smart-based CNE.
Administrative Personnel ; Education* ; Education, Continuing ; Humans ; Intention* ; Nursing Informatics

No abstract available.
Fallopian Tubes* ; Female ; Pregnancy*

BACKGROUND: HLA-B5102 is a newly approved antigen at the meeting of the WHO Nomenclature Committee held after the Eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop. It had been called B5l.35 because it was defined by both B5l and B35 antisera. HLA-B5102 antigen cannot be accurately determined by current commercial HLA typing trays. This study was carried out to assess the frequency of HLA-B5102 antigen in Koreans and serological reaction patterns of HLA-B5102 on commercial HLA trays. METHODS: We performed HLA-A, B, C serological typing for 2,000 Koreans registered for KMDP (Korean Marrow Donor Program) donors using the Terasaki Oriental Tray (One Lambda, USA). Selected samples (17/2000) which showed atypical B5 reaction patterns were tested against Japan Central Block HLA Workshop tray to detect the presence of HLA-B5102. RESULTS: HLA-B5102 showed a phenotype (antigen) frequency of 0.45% (9/2000) and an allele frequency of 0.23%. Two locus HLA haplotype and linkage analysis showed that HLA-B5102 was in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3l (p<0.01). The serological patterns of HLA-B5102 on Terasaki Oriental Tray were 1) Lot 14, 15 : B5(+), 2) Lot 15 B : B5(+), B35+53(+), and 3) Lot 16 : B5(+), B5l(+), B35+53(+), and therefore could be identified as HLA-B5, B5l, B52, B35 or B53. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of HLA-B5102 in the Korean population (antigen frequency 0.45%, allele frequency 0.23%) is similar to that of Japanese. The presence of HLA-B5102 can be suspected when atypical BS reaction patterns are encountered in commercial HLA typing trays, and B5 or BSI had better been assigned to these cases when additional confirmatory typing is not available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Marrow ; Education ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Histocompatibility ; Histocompatibility Testing ; HLA-A Antigens ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Japan ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Phenotype ; Tissue Donors

BACKGROUND: HLA-B5102 is a newly approved antigen at the meeting of the WHO Nomenclature Committee held after the Eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop. It had been called B5l.35 because it was defined by both B5l and B35 antisera. HLA-B5102 antigen cannot be accurately determined by current commercial HLA typing trays. This study was carried out to assess the frequency of HLA-B5102 antigen in Koreans and serological reaction patterns of HLA-B5102 on commercial HLA trays. METHODS: We performed HLA-A, B, C serological typing for 2,000 Koreans registered for KMDP (Korean Marrow Donor Program) donors using the Terasaki Oriental Tray (One Lambda, USA). Selected samples (17/2000) which showed atypical B5 reaction patterns were tested against Japan Central Block HLA Workshop tray to detect the presence of HLA-B5102. RESULTS: HLA-B5102 showed a phenotype (antigen) frequency of 0.45% (9/2000) and an allele frequency of 0.23%. Two locus HLA haplotype and linkage analysis showed that HLA-B5102 was in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3l (p<0.01). The serological patterns of HLA-B5102 on Terasaki Oriental Tray were 1) Lot 14, 15 : B5(+), 2) Lot 15 B : B5(+), B35+53(+), and 3) Lot 16 : B5(+), B5l(+), B35+53(+), and therefore could be identified as HLA-B5, B5l, B52, B35 or B53. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of HLA-B5102 in the Korean population (antigen frequency 0.45%, allele frequency 0.23%) is similar to that of Japanese. The presence of HLA-B5102 can be suspected when atypical BS reaction patterns are encountered in commercial HLA typing trays, and B5 or BSI had better been assigned to these cases when additional confirmatory typing is not available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Marrow ; Education ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Histocompatibility ; Histocompatibility Testing ; HLA-A Antigens ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Japan ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Phenotype ; Tissue Donors