The purpose of this study is to observe students' eating habits and to evaluate the necessity of high school breakfast service by surveying concerned persons such as high school dietitians, parents, and students to find practical solutions to decrease the breakfast-skipping rate of the high school students in Chungcheong. The data were collected from 75 dietitians, 584 students, and 420 parents. Parents and students participated the survey more positively, and the more monthly income participants' families had, the probability of participation increased by 1.5 times (OR=1.452). Parents suggested that breakfast should be offered at a lower price (1,000~2,000 won) than school lunch, and for the school breakfast cost, they preferred to bear the expense together with schools. For the type of breakfast, the dietitians preferred convenient foodservice (40.0%), the students preferred simple meals such as bread, milk, fruit and salad (3.97), and Kimbap, Joomukbap et al (3.93) rather than Korean traditional foods (3.76) such as rice, soup and side dish. The dietitians answered ‘needed’ and ‘very much needed’ to the necessity of breakfast relatively low by 30.7%. As the result of the study, the researchers suggest the execution of school breakfast program should start first for the students who cannot have breakfast at home. Moreover, more studies should be conducted to reduce the constantly increasing rate of breakfast-skipping rate of high school students.
Bread ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Fruit ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals ; Milk ; Nutritionists ; Parents

Esthetics ; Facial Asymmetry ; Genioplasty ; Humans ; Jaw ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Osteotomy ; Rhinoplasty ; Seoul ; Surgery, Oral ; Surgery, Plastic

The purpose of nursing education is to prepare the professional practitioner as nurse who will be interested in the health and the related aspects of community and will assume responsibility for contributing toward the improvement of the health for the all. This means that nursing education must provide opportunities for the development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes which make this possible. Consequently, this approach has relevance for nursing education. Faculty engaged in endless debates about what is to be included, and to what death, and what will be given short shrift as a result. Thus, it can be seen why there is so much confusion and lack of agreement between the emphasis and objectives in nursing. This study attempted to review and identify the curriculum content of child nursing in Korea to build and develop the standard curriculum contents for national board examination for nurses and child's health needs for the coming 21st century. The questionnaire was consisted of items for selection and organization of the knowledge components and type of unit with weigh to be attained in child nursing. Response of 34% of nursing program in university and junior college. Content analysis was done by using consensual validation of essential knowledge for curriculum content to identify what is obvious or trivial. This study pointed out that it is not yet apparent that demographic fact has greatly influenced child nursing curriculum content. In a similar vein the majority of content of child nursing devote little time and weigh to social and epidemically significant to child health. It seems to be needed that the content of child nursing may push the paradigm shift in nursing education such as health promotion and prevention for postretinal roles of child and family. In conclusion, it is time to convoke and content and standardization on job analysis for national board exam for nurses in Korea.
Child* ; Curriculum* ; Education, Nursing ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Korea* ; Nursing* ; Veins ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To investigate neural correlates associated with recovery of motor function over 6 months in patients with basal ganglia (BG) stroke using acetazolamide (ACZ) stress brain-perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: Medical records of 22 patients presenting first-ever BG stroke were retrospectively reviewed. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) were measured for 9 regions in each cerebral hemisphere (primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, BG, and thalamus). The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) motor score was used to assess motor function. RESULTS: After ACZ injection, CBF of all regions of interest (ROIs) increased compared with baseline. Baseline CBF of all ROIs was not significantly correlated with changes in FMA upper or lower motor score. However, multivariate analysis revealed CVR was significantly associated with change in FMA upper score in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (R2=0.216, p=0.017), the ipsilateral parietal lobe (R2=0.135, p=0.029), and the contralateral primary motor cortex (R2=0.210, p=0.041). CONCLUSION: CVR in the bilateral primary motor cortex and ipsilateral parietal lobe was associated with restoration of upper motor function 6 months after BG stroke. SPECT is a readily available imaging modality useful in studying brain residual function in patients with BG stroke.
Acetazolamide ; Basal Ganglia* ; Brain ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Cerebrum ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Motor Cortex ; Multivariate Analysis ; Occipital Lobe ; Parietal Lobe ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Recovery of Function ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke* ; Temporal Lobe ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate neural correlates associated with recovery of motor function over 6 months in patients with basal ganglia (BG) stroke using acetazolamide (ACZ) stress brain-perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: Medical records of 22 patients presenting first-ever BG stroke were retrospectively reviewed. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) were measured for 9 regions in each cerebral hemisphere (primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, BG, and thalamus). The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) motor score was used to assess motor function. RESULTS: After ACZ injection, CBF of all regions of interest (ROIs) increased compared with baseline. Baseline CBF of all ROIs was not significantly correlated with changes in FMA upper or lower motor score. However, multivariate analysis revealed CVR was significantly associated with change in FMA upper score in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (R2=0.216, p=0.017), the ipsilateral parietal lobe (R2=0.135, p=0.029), and the contralateral primary motor cortex (R2=0.210, p=0.041). CONCLUSION: CVR in the bilateral primary motor cortex and ipsilateral parietal lobe was associated with restoration of upper motor function 6 months after BG stroke. SPECT is a readily available imaging modality useful in studying brain residual function in patients with BG stroke.
Acetazolamide ; Basal Ganglia* ; Brain ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Cerebrum ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Motor Cortex ; Multivariate Analysis ; Occipital Lobe ; Parietal Lobe ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Recovery of Function ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke* ; Temporal Lobe ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

Four 3-day-old piglets with retarded growth were submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for diagnosis. Necropsy showed that one piglet had black spots ranging from 2 mm to 1 cm in diameter in the cerebellum, lungs, regional lymph nodes, and cecum. Histological findings were consistent with the gross appearance in which melanin pigmentation was observed in the organs mentioned above. Based on Fontana-Masson staining, we diagnosed this animal with systemic melanosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of systemic melanosis in black breeds of swine in Korea.
Animals ; Cecum ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Korea ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Melanins ; Melanosis* ; Pigmentation ; Plants ; Quarantine ; Swine

In this study, we describe a case of epitheliogenesis imperfecta (EI) observed in the fetus of Korean native cattle. The fetus had multifocal areas of skin defect, especially on the distal portions of the four limbs, and the affected areas were bright-red and glistening. Histopathologically, these areas were characterized by complete absence of squamous epithelium, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis, atrophy of hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of epitheliogenesis imperfecta in Korean native cattle.
Animals ; Atrophy ; Cattle* ; Dermis ; Epithelium ; Extremities ; Fetus* ; Hair Follicle ; Skin ; Sweat Glands

BACKGROUND: Immunologic marker studies and cytogenetic studies as well as morphological studies are frequently performed for the differential diagnosis of acute leukemia. We investigated the relationship of between immunophenotyping and cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myelogenous leukemias (AMLs). METHODS: Total 153 cases of AMLs were included. Morphological, cytochemical, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic studies were performed. We classified the AML cases according to immunophenotyping and investigated the association between cytogenetic results and immunophenotype. And we compared differences between the AML group with lymphoid markers and that without them. RESULTS: In 153 cases of AMLs, lymphoid markers (CD2, CD5, CD7, CD19, CD10) were coexpressed in 59 cases (38.6%). Cytogenetic abnormalities were in 106 cases (69.3%). No significant difference in cytogenetic abnormalities was observed between the group with lymphoid markers and without them (76.3% vs. 64.9%, P>0.05). t(8;21)(q22;22) was significantly more frequent in CD19+AMLs (78.3% vs. 7.7%, P<0.0001), compared to CD19-AMLs. In CD2+AMLs, t(15;17)(q24;q21) was significantly more frequent than in CD2-AMLs (81.8% vs. 8.5%, P<0.0001). CD7+AML cases showed fewer cytogenetic abnormalities than AML with other lymphoid markers and various chromosomal abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: In AML, cytogenetic abnormalities were different in relation to aberrant lymphoid markers. CD19 vs. t(8;21) and CD2 vs. t(15;17) were closely associated with each other. It is thought that CD7+AML cases are heterogeneous group. We need the study for response to therapy and prognosis in AMLs with lymphoid markers so that the data of this study can be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment.
Biomarkers ; Chromosome Aberrations* ; Cytogenetics* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Leukemia ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute* ; Prognosis

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression of the large tumor suppressor (LATS) genes LATS1 and LATS2 by immunohistochemical staining of gastric cancer, and to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of LATS expression and its correlation with overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: LATS1 and LATS2 expression in a tissue microarray was detected by immunohistochemistry, using 264 gastric cancer specimens surgically resected between July 2006 and December 2009. RESULTS: Low expression of LATS1 was significantly associated with more advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (P=0.001) and T stage (P=0.032), lymph node (LN) metastasis (P=0.040), perineural invasion (P=0.042), poor histologic grade (P=0.007), and diffuse-type histology by the Lauren classification (P=0.033). Low expression of LATS2 was significantly correlated with older age (≥65, P=0.027), more advanced AJCC stage (P=0.001) and T stage (P=0.001), LN metastasis (P=0.004), perineural invasion (P=0.004), poor histologic grade (P<0.001), and diffuse-type histology by the Lauren classification (P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed significantly poor OS rates in the groups with low LATS1 (P=0.037) and LATS2 (P=0.037) expression. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of LATS1 or LATS2 is a significant marker for a good prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.
Classification ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Joints ; Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Stomach Neoplasms*

A total of 82 pediatric renal transplants treated with cyclosporine and low dose prednisolone as the main immunosuppressive agents were used as the subjects of this study to find the risk factors whitch might influence the pediatric renal allograft survival in a single center from Feb. 1984 to Mar. 1996. The mean age of the recipients was 14.7 years ranging from ages 3.9 to 19.9. There were 19 cases of graft loss, and 3 recipient death. The major causes of the graft loss were acute and/or chronic rejection, poor compliance and patient's death. The 1-, 3- and 5-year graft survival were 94.9%, 86.2% and 70.7% respectively. The original renal deseases of ESRD were FSGS (14 cases), chronic pyelonephropathy and VUR (11 cases) and IgA nephropathy (8 cases) in order frequency. The significant risk factors for the outcome were the ABO incompatibility (ABO identical 89.6% vs compatible 26.9%, P=0.001) and development of more than 1 episode of acute rejection within 1 year (P=0.002) and after 1 year (P=0.004). Other factors such as recipient's age, donor-recipient relationship and type and duration of dialysis modalities before trasplantation (P>0.05). In conclusion, for the successful outcome of pediatric renal transplantation, strict ABO matching and development and application of more effective immunosuppressive agents such as mycophenolate or FK- 506 to combat the acute and/or chronic rejection is required in near future.
Allografts* ; Compliance ; Cyclosporine* ; Dialysis ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Graft Survival ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Kidney Transplantation ; Prednisolone ; Risk Factors* ; Transplants