BACKGROUND: Propofol and ketamine had been used for anesthesia induction and for total intravenous anesthesia. The nature of any hypnotic interactions occurring between propofol and ketamine are unknown. A comparison of maternal and neonatal effects among propofol-ketamine combination, ketamine and propofol were studied when used for anesthesia induction in Cesarean section. METHODS: Forty five patients in ASA class I or II scheduled for Cesarean section randomly assigned to either propofol 2 mg/kg (n=15), ketamine 1 mg/kg (n=15) or propofol 1 mg/kg - ketamine 0.5 mg/kg combination group (n=15) as an induction agent. Maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, Apgar score and umbilical blood gas analysis were measured. RESULTS: Before intubation, systolic and diastolic pressure were decreased in propofol group but increased in ketamine and propofol-ketamine combination group. Heart rate were increased in all three groups. But there were no significant differences among three groups (p<0.05). After intubation, there were significant increase in systolic, diastolic pressure and heart rate in three groups but no significant differences among three groups (p<0.05). And there was no significant neonatal depression as assessed by Apgar scores and blood gas analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol-ketamine combination was found to be similar to propofol or ketamine only in the effects on the mother and neonate. But propofol-ketamine gained more stable hemodynamic change than propofol or ketamine before intubation. Therefore propofol-ketamine appears to be a suitable alternatives to propofol or ketamine as an induction agent for anesthesia in Cesarean section.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Apgar Score ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Depression ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intubation ; Ketamine* ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Propofol*

There have been so many methods described for the correction of the deviated noses but it is difficult to get satisfactory results and recurrence rate is high. There is no exact explanation why the recurrences are so high and no estabished guides for techniques according to the surgical pathology. We found the classical swinging door technique effective in cases where the caudal septum deviated from the midline. However, where the caudal septum and the tip stay in the midline, scoring or submucosal resection do not work well enough to cortet them. We used the reverse swinging door technique of our own. After elevation of mucoperichonodrium, we did sagittal section in the posterior septum and moved the septum to the midline on the pivot point of the caudal septum and. The gap created in the posterior portion of the septum were filed with bone grafts, cartilage grafts or Medopor, which were sutured to the septum, We did this technique with or without osteotmies in 56 deviated noses for last 5 years. The results were very satisfactory and there was no complication.
Cartilage ; Nose* ; Pathology, Surgical ; Recurrence ; Transplants

Arytenoid subluxation or recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis may result from injury to the larynx following endotracheal intubation or blunt laryngeal trauma. Early diagnosis is important for appropriate treatment and better prognosis. A 62-years-old man was admitted for cholecystectomy. He was intubated without any difficulty and nasogastric tube was inserted with the help of laryngoscope and Magill forcep before surgery. He had a weak voice and hoarseness after atraumatic extubation and those symptoms did not improve even 2 days after. Indirect laryngoscopy, videolaryngotelescopy, electromyography(EMG) and computed tomographic findings revealed anterior, inferior subluxation of left cricoarytenoid cartilage associated with left thyroarytenoid muscle denervation and resultant unilateral vocal cord palsy. Conservative treatment for 40 days after the operation and follow-up examination was done. The voice quality was improved and indirect laryngoscopy examination showed that right vocal cord crossed midline in a attempt to meet its paralyzed counterpart on phonation.
Anesthesia, General* ; Cartilage ; Cholecystectomy ; Denervation ; Early Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hoarseness ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngeal Muscles ; Laryngoscopes ; Laryngoscopy ; Larynx ; Paralysis* ; Phonation ; Prognosis ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve* ; Surgical Instruments ; Vocal Cord Paralysis ; Vocal Cords ; Voice ; Voice Quality

Clinical trial provide reliable basis for evaluating the efficacy and safty of new treatments. To proceed effectively with clinical trial requires an comprehension of the basic principles of clinical design and biostatistical methods. This review focuses on fundamentals of biostatistical theory, on studies of calculating sample size, on definitions for classsification of evidence in epilepsy trials and on examining biostatistical methods for evaluating efficacy of antiepileptic drugs. This review guide how to understand basic statistical concepts and types of study design for epilepsy trials.
Anticonvulsants ; Biostatistics ; Comprehension ; Epilepsy* ; Sample Size

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to introduce the concept of health inequalities, and to discuss the underlying assumptions and ethical backgrounds associated with the issue, as well as the theoretical and practical implications of health inequalities. METHODS: Based on a review of the literature, we summarize the concepts of health inequalities and inequities and discuss the underlying assumptions and ethical backgrounds associated with these issues from the view of social justice theory. We then discuss the theoretical and practical implications of health inequalities. RESULTS: Health inequality involves ethical considerations, such as judgments on fairness, and it could provide a sensitive barometer to reflect the fairness of social arrangements. Discussion on health inequalities could deepen our understanding of the social etiology of health and provide a basis for the development of comprehensive and integrative social policies. CONCLUSIONS: Health equity is not a social goal in and of itself, but should be considered as a part of a broader effort to seek social justice.
*Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Korea ; Public Health/*ethics ; *Social Justice

The purpose of this study was to test the Theory of planned Behavior in the prediction of contraceptive behavior among married women. This study used a descriptive correlational design to examine the relationships among the study variables. Eighty married women in Seoul and Kyungki-do participated in this study. Research instruments used were the tool for measuring TPB variables search as attitude toward contraception , subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and intention: and the tool for measuring contraceptive behavior . The former was modified by the researcher according to Ajzen and Fishbein(1980)'s guidelines for tool development and Jee(1993)'s tool. The latter was developed by the research. Data was collected from July 20, 1996 to October 25, 1996. The results are as follows: The three factors, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control of contraception can explain 30% of the variance in contraceptive intention. Inspection of path coefficient for each of the three predictor variables revealed that subjective norm and perceived behavior control were the predictor variables on intention, while attitude was not ; and intention and perceived behavior control factors can explain 42% of the variance in contraceptive behavior. Inspection of path coefficient for each of the two predictor variables revealed that intention and perceived behavior control were the predictor variables on behavior. In conclusion, this study identified that Theory of Planned Behavior was a useful model in the prediction of contraceptive behavior, and the contraceptive service program based on the TPB variables would be an effective nursing intervention for the change in contraceptive behavior.
Behavior Control ; Contraception ; Contraception Behavior* ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Intention ; Nursing ; Seoul

The p53 protein was discovered in 1979 as cellular 53-kD nuclear phosphoprotein bound to the large transforming antigen of SV40 virus. P21WAF1/CIP1, which has been described as the critical downstream mediator of p53, is known to suppress DNA replication and arrest the G1 cell cycle by quaternary complex with cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA). In these days, some studies shows that the p21 can be induced by independent pathways. There are various reports about the expression of p21 (67%.82.4%) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. But these studies are mostly done in malignant tumor not in benign tumor. So we decided to study the expression of p21 in ameloblastoma and the relationship between p53 and p21 as a downstream mediator of p53 in ameloblastoma. We investigated the expression of p21 and p53 with the method of immunohistochemistry. We selected 30 cases of ameloblastoma tissue blocks (acanthomatous type: 5 cases, follicular type: 8 cases, plexiform type: 17 cases) imbedded in paraffin. We used 30 cases of normal gingival tissues and 30 cases of squamous cell carcinoma tissues (SCC) respectively and compared their results with those of ameloblastoma. We made slides with the streptavidin-biotin methods and used monoclonal antibody DO-7 (Novocastra, Newcastle, United Kingdom) as p53 antibody and monoclonal antibody M7202 (DAKO, California, U.S.A.) as p21 antibody. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to analyse the relationship. The results were as follows: 1. p21 was expressed in ameloblastoma about 30% and this is lower than that of normal gingiva and SCC. 2. In normal gingiva and ameloblastoma, p21 expression was correlated with p53 expression. 3. In SCC, p21 were expressed about 83.3% and this is more than that of p53. But there was no correlation between p21 and p53 expression. We confirmed p21 expression and relation with p53 in ameloblastoma. But, to confirm the function of p21, more studies about p21 expression in malignant ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma are needed.
Ameloblastoma* ; Ameloblasts ; California ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Cycle ; Cyclin D ; DNA Replication ; Gingiva ; Immunohistochemistry ; Paraffin ; Simian virus 40

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Humans ; Statistics as Topic*

Percutaneous cannulatien has become an accepted technique for monitoring central venous pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure via a Swan Gans catheter. The technique is not without hazard. Complications include thrombophlebitis, infection and hydrothorax. These are case reports demonstrating the complications of hydrothorax and broken catehters from central venous catheterization.
Catheterization, Central Venous* ; Catheters* ; Central Venous Catheters* ; Central Venous Pressure ; Hydrothorax* ; Pulmonary Wedge Pressure ; Thrombophlebitis

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to determine the efficacy of a combined use of oral clonidine and intravenous esmolol for blunting the sympathetic response during tracheal intubation. METHODS: Forty-eight patients for hysterectomy were randomly divided into four groups: placebo A and B in Group I (n = 12), placebo A and esmolol (1.0 mg/kg) in Group II (n = 12), clonidine (4 microgram/kg) and placebo B in Group III (n = 12), and clonidine (2 microgram/kg) and esmolol (0.5 mg/kg) in Group IV (n = 12) were administered respectively. Premedication with oral clonidine or placebo A at 90 minutes before induction and intravenous esmolol or placebo B just prior to induction were given. Patients were induced with thiopental and ventilated with N2O-O2-enflurane (1.5 vol%). Vecuronium was given immediately after administration of thiopental for tracheal intubation. BP and HR were recorded at the resting state before premedication (control), at 1 min before induction (T - 1), immediately after intubation (T + 0), 3 min and 5 min after intubation (T + 3 and T + 5), and were converted into a percentage (%) of the control value (Vcontrol). RESULTS: SBP increased in Group I (T + 0 and T + 3) and decreased in Group III (T + 5) compared with Vcontrol (P < 0.05). HR increased in Group I (T + 0 and T + 3) and Group III (T + 0) compared with Vcontrol (P < 0.05). SBP% of Vcontrol in Groups II, III and IV (T + 0 and T + 3) were lower than that of Group I (P < 0.05). HR% of Vcontrol in Group II and IV (T + 0, T + 3 and T + 5) were lower than those of Groups I and III (P < 0.05). There were one episode of hypotension in Group II at 5 min after intubation and two cases of intraoperative hypotension in Group III. CONCLUSIONS: Combined administration of oral clonidine and intravenous esmolol was effective in attenuating the increase of BP and HR during tracheal intubation without any side effects. This combined method would be an effective method when dose-related side effects of each drug limit their use.
Blood Pressure* ; Clonidine* ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Hysterectomy ; Intubation* ; Premedication ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide