The recent development of laparoscopic cholecysteetomy has introduced the technique of laparoscopy to the general surgical operation. During this procedure, the deliberate pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide(CO2) insufflation in order to visualize better the abdominal viscera may causes some problems-hypercarbia, hypertension, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema and cardiovascular impairment, We studied the changes of cardiovascular system and pulmonary gas exchanges clinically during general anesthesia for laparoscopic eholecystectomy in the 16 patients of Seoul National University Hospital. After induction of anesthsia, ventilation was controlled with tidal volume 10 ml/kg and respiration rate 10-15/min to maintain PaCO2 35 mmHg before insufflation of carbon dioxide. After measuring of control value of mean arterial pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR) and arterial blood gas analysis before insufflation of CO2, ventilation setting was not changed throughout the operation. MAP, HR, arterial blood gas analysis were measured at 30 min interval until the end of operation. The changes of MAP, HR and PaO2, throughout the operation are not statistically significant in comparison to control(preinsufflation) values. The PaCO2 was increased significantly by 8-10 mmHg in comparison to control values(p-value<0.01). In conclusion, minute ventilation should be corrected during general anesthesia for laparoscapic cholecysteetomy with CO2 insufflation according to continuous monitoring of end tidal CO2 and arterial carbon dioxide tension.
Anesthesia, General* ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Cardiovascular System ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insufflation ; Laparoscopy ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Respiratory Rate ; Seoul ; Subcutaneous Emphysema ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilation ; Viscera

Hypotension is one of the well-known complications following spinal anesthesia, and Trendelenburg position seems to have been used as one of the management of it. But, Trendelenburg position generally raises spinal anesthetic level with the use of hyperbaric tetracaine, and blood pressure may even further decrease. If simple elevation of lower extemities can prevent hypotension successfully without raising spinal anesthetic level following hyperbaric spinal anesthesia, there will be a possibility for us to replace Trendelenburg position with the elevation of lower extremities. We examined 50 cases of hyperbaric spinal anesthesia followed by elevation of lower extremities with the angles of l5 and 30 degrees. At each case, hydration with 10 ml per Kg was performed during the fixation time (about 30 minutes) and then, blood pressure(systolic and diastolic), heart rate were checked with the time-interval of 1 and 2 minutes for each angle. The paired T-test showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure after spinal anesthesia was increased in all cases with mean values of 2.74~5.68 mmHg for systolic blood pressure(p<0.05) and 3.26~7.22 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure(p<0.05), and that heart rate was decreased by 3.54-5.82 beats per minute(p<0.05). In conclusion, simple elevation of lower extremities and routine hydration therapy seemed to elevate blood pressure, making it possible for us to consider elevation of lower extremities to prevent hypotension without raising spinal anesthetic level in routine hyperbaric spinal anesthesia.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Blood Pressure ; Head-Down Tilt ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Hypotension ; Lower Extremity ; Tetracaine

Background/Aims: To analyze the incidence and risk factors of outcomes after liver transplantation (LT) in the Korean population. Methods: This study analyzed data from the liver cohort of Korean Organ Transplantation Registry (KOTRY) who had LT between May 2014 and December 2017. Study measures included the incidence of post-LT outcomes in recipients of living donor LT (LDLT) and deceased donor LT (DDLT). Cox multivariate proportional hazards model was used to determine the potential risk factors predicting the outcomes. Results: A total of 2,563 adult recipients with LT (LDLT, n=1,956; DDLT, n=607) were included, with mean±standard deviation age of 53.9±8.9 years, and 72.2% were male. The post-LT outcomes observed in each LDLT and DDLT recipients were death (4.0% and 14.7%), graft loss (5.0% and 16.1%), rejection (7.0% and 12.0%), renal failure (2.7% and 13.8%), new onset of diabetes (12.5% and 15.4%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence (both 6.7%). In both LDLT and DDLT recipients, the most common post-LT complications were renal dysfunction (33.6% and 51.4%), infection (26.7% and 48.4%), and surgical complication (22.5% and 23.9%). Incidence of these outcomes were generally higher among recipients of DDLT than LDLT. Multivariate analysis indicated recipient age and DDLT as significant risk factors associated with death and graft loss. DDLT and ABO incompatible transplant were prognostic factors for rejection, and HCC beyond Milan criteria at pre-transplant was a strong predictor of HCC recurrence. Conclusions This study is a good indicator of the post-LT prognosis in the Korean population and suggests a significant burden of post-LT complications.

Background/Aims: To analyze the incidence and risk factors of outcomes after liver transplantation (LT) in the Korean population. Methods: This study analyzed data from the liver cohort of Korean Organ Transplantation Registry (KOTRY) who had LT between May 2014 and December 2017. Study measures included the incidence of post-LT outcomes in recipients of living donor LT (LDLT) and deceased donor LT (DDLT). Cox multivariate proportional hazards model was used to determine the potential risk factors predicting the outcomes. Results: A total of 2,563 adult recipients with LT (LDLT, n=1,956; DDLT, n=607) were included, with mean±standard deviation age of 53.9±8.9 years, and 72.2% were male. The post-LT outcomes observed in each LDLT and DDLT recipients were death (4.0% and 14.7%), graft loss (5.0% and 16.1%), rejection (7.0% and 12.0%), renal failure (2.7% and 13.8%), new onset of diabetes (12.5% and 15.4%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence (both 6.7%). In both LDLT and DDLT recipients, the most common post-LT complications were renal dysfunction (33.6% and 51.4%), infection (26.7% and 48.4%), and surgical complication (22.5% and 23.9%). Incidence of these outcomes were generally higher among recipients of DDLT than LDLT. Multivariate analysis indicated recipient age and DDLT as significant risk factors associated with death and graft loss. DDLT and ABO incompatible transplant were prognostic factors for rejection, and HCC beyond Milan criteria at pre-transplant was a strong predictor of HCC recurrence. Conclusions This study is a good indicator of the post-LT prognosis in the Korean population and suggests a significant burden of post-LT complications.