PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the levels of bone mineral density (BMD) and to explain the factors influencing BMD among female college students in Korea. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 144 college women. Lifestyle factors were determined by self-report questionnaire. Body composition was measured by body composition analyzer and bone mineral density was measured by ultrasound bone densitometry. Data were analyzed using SPSS for windows, version 19.0. RESULTS: The mean BMD at calcaneus site was 0.56 g/cm2 (mean T-score=-0.22). The incidence of osteopenia was 21.5%. Factors predicting BMD were menarche age (r=-.22, p=.009) and height (r=-.18, p=.030) with 7% of explained variance. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that health care professionals need to provide young women with program that is intended to affect their intention toward osteoporosis preventive behavior change.
Body Composition ; Bone Density ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Calcaneus ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Delivery of Health Care ; Densitometry ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intention ; Life Style ; Menarche ; Osteoporosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of a smoking prevention program on primary school students. METHOD: The design for this study was a nonequivalent quasi-experimental control group pretest-posttest. The smoking prevention program was provided to grade 5 and 6 students selected from two schools in Jecheon.The experimental group consisted of 72 students and the control group, 73 students. A smoking prevention program composed of smoking prevention education (once a week for 40 minutes over a period of 8 weeks) and supportive environment for smoking prevention was developed by modifying several smoking prevention programs. The research was conducted from May 15 to October 10, 2003. RESULT: 1) After completion of the smoking prevention program, the mean scores for knowledge about smoking, attitude to smoking, and intention toward non-smoking were not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: To affectively achieve the aims of a smoking prevention program, the effectiveness of the program should not be measured over the short term only. Long-term tracking of students educated in the program, to identify the rate of those who later become smokers needs to be done.
Education ; Humans ; Intention ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Child Health

This study is to understand and to explain how nursing students experience in the clinical nursing practice using grounded theory approach. Ten nursing students were participated in the study. Seven of them were junior students at the junior college of nursing, and the rest were the senior students at the university. The data were collected by in-depth individual interviews by investigators during May and June in 1995. The results of the study were as follows: Twenty-eight concepts and 9 categories were emerged by the constant comparative analysis. The 9 categories include 'the need of role model', 'non-educational practical setting', 'knowledge deficit', 'emotional changes','the attitudes of clinical practice','fatigue','skepticism','pride', and'the product of clinical practice'. The core category which encompasses all 9 categories was emerged as 'the process of formulating the nursing view'. Five hypotheses were derived from the analysis. 1) The desirable role model would enhance to pride of nursing in students. 2) Non-educational practical setting would increase skepticism of nursing in students. 3) Knowledge deficit would negatively affect on experience of clinical practice. 4) The pride of clinical practice would formulate a positive nursing view. 5) The skepticism of clinical practice would formulate a negative nursing view. The results of this study are to use as basic data for students attending clinical experience.
Humans ; Nursing* ; Research Personnel ; Students, Nursing*

Anesthetic drugs by themselves were without effect on neummuscular function, but when the margin of safety in transmission was reduced, because of the admimstration of a musde relaxant, then a synergistic effect on relaxation might be observed. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the twitch recovery after vecuronium bromide (vecuronium) was influenced by thiopental sodium (thiopental), ketamine and lidocaine. Eighty healthy adult patients were randomly allocated to four groups according to the drugs, control group, normal saline 5 ml, study group ; 2.5% thiopental 5 mg/kg, ketamine 2 mg/kg and 1% lidocaine 1 mg/kg. Neuromuscular bloek was induced by intravenous vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg and applied ulnar nerve stimuli of every 10 seconds single twitch using Myotest Mk II(R). The adduction force of the resultant thumb twitch was measured by the acceleration of a small piezo-electric ceramic wafer with electrodes of Mini-accelograph(8) and recorded by Datascope 2200I(8). When the twitch height was near 15 mm, the drug was injected and recorded the twitch height for 10 min. and checked mean arterial pressure and heart rate after injection. The results were as follows ; 1) There were no significant changes of mean arterial pressure after drug injection. 2) Heart rate was significantly increased in thiopental group (77.7+/-8.3 beats/min. 93.7+/-9.1 beats/min.) and lidocaine group (85.6+/-15.9 beats/min. - 88.4+/-16.4 beats/min.), but no change in control and ketamine group. 3) In the linear regression analysis between the twitch length and the time, control group was Y=16.0+/-1.0X, r2=0.33, thiopental group was Y=14.9+/-1.1X, r2%.39, ketamine gmup was Y=14.8+0.9X, r2=0.24 and lidocaine group was Y=15.1+0.8X, r2=0.30. Lidocaine group was only significantly decreased than control group. With the above results the authors concluded that the twitch recovery after vecuronium was significantly deaeased by lidocaine, but no cbanges by thiopental and ketamine. We should more find the drug interaction with vecuronium in the man.
Acceleration ; Adult ; Anesthetics ; Arterial Pressure ; Ceramics ; Drug Interactions ; Electrodes ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Ketamine ; Lidocaine* ; Linear Models ; Relaxation ; Thiopental* ; Thumb ; Ulnar Nerve ; Vecuronium Bromide*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: HBV infection can be seen after organ transplantation. The presence of anti-Bs in serum means protection from HBV infection. If amino acids were mutated in 'a' determinant which was a common antigenic epitope of HBsAg, escape from humoral immunity can occur. Recently, in chronic HBV infected patients who received liver transplantation but reinfected by HBV, many authors reported mutations in 'a' determinant sequence. However, in renal transplantation, there were few reports about HBV infection and 'a' determinant mutation after transplantation. Therefore, we studied the incidence of HBV reinfection after renal transplantation and also tried to analyze 'a' determinant sequence in those patients. METHODS: We reviewed HBsAg-egative patients who received renal transplantation in our hospital, but turned HBsAg positive after transplantation. We selected two patients who were anti-Bs positive before transplantation but turned HBsAg positive after transplantation, and analyzed 'a' determinant of amino acid sequence of these patients. RESULTS: Among 1682 patients who were HBsAg negative before transplantation, 21 patients were turned HBsAg positive after transplantation. Among them, 6 patients were anti-Bs positive before transplantation. Sequence analysis of the 'a' determinant amino acid in two patients whose HBsAg turned positive after transplantation revealed no evidence of mutation in comparison with previously reported subtype 'a' determinant sequences. CONCLUSION: In renal transplantation, HBV could be reinfected in patients who had been anti-Bs positive before transplantation even without mutation in 'a' determinant region.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Humans ; Immunity, Humoral ; Incidence ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Liver Transplantation ; Organ Transplantation ; Sequence Analysis* ; Transplants ; United Nations

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We studied to evaluate the virological and biochemical responses to lamivudine and to detect YMDD mutants in patients who received long-erm lamivudine therapy. METHODS: We conducted a one-ear trial of lamivudine in 45 Korean patients with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus. The patients were treated with a single oral average dose of 100 mg of lamivudine every day for 12 months. RESULTS: The suppression of serum HBV DNA was sustained in 77.8% of the patients and the normalization of serum ALT in 80%. The proportions of patients with HBeAg seroconversion were 25%. YMDD mutants were detected in 4 of 8 patients who showed sustained HBV DNA and serum ALT response (n=31) and in 3 of 8 patients who showed HBV DNA or serum ALT breakthrough (n=9). The response to lamivudine therapy in HBeAg-egative patients was excellent. CONCLUSION: Lamivudine therapy resulted in a significant virological and biochemical improvements and were well tolerated. But, YMDD mutants were detected during lamivudine therapy.
DNA ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Lamivudine* ; Liver Diseases* ; Liver*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prognosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma is extremely poor because of its large size, portal vein thrpombosis, extrahepatic metastasis and underlying liver cirrhosis. The aim, of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound screening test for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in high-ridk populations. METHODS: We analysed 119 patients who were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma by ultrasonography screening test in Yonsei University Severance Hospital from the period of January 1990 to December 1996. RESULT: The mean follow-up duration to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was 30 months (range 3-75). The number of patients with single lesion was 89(75%). The mean diameter of the tumor was 3.0 cm (range 1-10) , 82 patients (70%) had masses measured less than 3cm in diameter. The Number of patients with elevated serum alphafetoprotein level above 400ng/ml was 29(25%). The median survival was 28 months in screening group, significant compared with 7 months in control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound follow-up in high-ridk group of hepatocellular carcinoma mede it possible to detect small tumors in a high percentage of cases. This may lead to an increase in the number of potentially curable tumors and hence an increase in the overall survival rate. So ultrasound screening test is important in the high-ridk group of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Mass Screening* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Portal Vein ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Ultrasonography*

Determining blood loss [100% – RBV (%)] is challenging in the management of haemorrhagic shock. We derived an equation estimating RBV (%) via serial haematocrits (Hct1 , Hct2 ) by fixing infused crystalloid fluid volume (N) as [0.015 × body weight (g)]. Then, we validated it in vivo. Mathematically, the following estimation equation was derived: RBV (%) = 24k / [(Hct1 / Hct2 ) – 1]. For validation, nonongoing haemorrhagic shock was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by withdrawing 20.0%–60.0% of their total blood volume (TBV) in 5.0% intervals (n = 9). Hct1 was checked after 10 min and normal saline N cc was infused over 10 min. Hct 2 was checked five minutes later. We applied a linear equation to explain RBV (%) with 1 / [(Hct1 / Hct2 ) – 1]. Seven rats losing 30.0%–60.0% of their TBV suffered shock persistently. For them, RBV (%) was updated as 5.67 / [(Hct1 / Hct2 ) – 1] + 32.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] of the slope: 3.14–8.21, p = 0.002, R2 = 0.87). On a Bland-Altman plot, the difference between the estimated and actual RBV was 0.00 ± 4.03%; the 95% CIs of the limits of agreements were included within the pre-determined criterion of validation (< 20%). For rats suffering from persistent, non-ongoing haemorrhagic shock, we derived and validated a simple equation estimating RBV (%). This enables the calculation of blood loss via information on serial haematocrits under a fixed N.Clinical validation is required before utilisation for emergency care of haemorrhagic shock.

Objectives: This study examined the factors associated with suicide risk among out-of-school youths (OSY) by analyzing their medical records retrospectively. Methods: The medical records of 280 OSYs who were admitted to the National Medical Center from January 2015 to December 2018 were examined. The demographic and clinical records, including behavioral problems, post-traumatic symptoms, harmful alcohol consumption, family functioning, and quality of life, were analyzed. Results: Among the 280 subjects, 80 (28.6%) were considered a high-risk suicidal group. The number of post-traumatic symptoms was found to be positively correlated, and the family functioning scores were negatively correlated with the increasing risk of suicide in the OSY based on the multiple regression analysis of the medical records. Conclusion The result of this study provides inputs for suicide prevention programs targeted at OSYs by identifying the risk and protective factors associated with suicide among the group.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The study proposed to evaluate the efficacy of anticancer drugs of intraarterial chemoinfusion and investigate prognostic factors influencing survival. METHODS: A total of 127 patients diagnosed as having advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) of same stage (TNM stage IVa) from 1996 to 1998 were examined. Two intraarterial infusion chemotherapeutic regimens were employed: Adriamycin(Group I) and Cisplatin(Group II). RESULTS: Overall survival was significantly diffrent(10.0 vs 5.7months) and favored Group I. By the univariate analysis, significant prognostic factors included: age, portal vein thrombosis(PVT), size(>5cm) and type of tumor, response rate (size & -fetoprotein) at 3 months after therapy, level of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin. After repeated therapy, Group I showed better survival (14.0 vs 7.9 months), but there was no statistical difference in survival rate between two groups in the case of large size, PVT, and diffuse type. CONCLUSION: Group I showed better survival than Group II in advanced HCC of TNM stage IVa. But, considering prognostic factors, there was no significant difference in survival rate between two groups except small size or nodular type of HCC. TNM classification of stage IVa should be reconsidered to include prognostic factors influencing survival rate such as PVT, size and type of HCC.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bilirubin ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Classification ; Humans ; Infusions, Intra-Arterial ; Neoplasm Staging ; Portal Vein ; Psychotherapy, Group ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome*