Korean hemorrhagic fever is an acute febrile illness which causes hemorrhagic nerrosis of multiple internal organs. Some orular symptoms are described by physicians without ophthalmic examination. The authors evaluated early ocular manifestations in 21 patients (42 eyes) with Korean hemorrhagic fever, who were admitted from Oct. to Nov. in 1984. The results are summarized as follows: 1. In eleven patients (22 eyes, 52.4%), visual disturbances caused by transitory myopia were observed. 2. During the period of transitory myopic change, the intraocular pressure in the group of refrartive change was significantly raised compared to that in the group of non-refrartive change. 3. In the group of refractive change, increasing intraocular pressure and a shallowing of the anterior chamber were observed accompanied by transitory myopic change. 4. During the earIy phase of the illness, lid edema, chemosis, conjunctival injection, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and macular edema were observed.
Eye Diseases/etiology ; Eyelid Diseases/etiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*complications ; Humans ; *Intraocular Pressure ; Myopia/*etiology

OBJECTIVETo study the influence of near-work and outdoor activities on myopia progression in school children.

METHODSEighty 7-11-year-old school children with myopia were randomly assigned into an intervention group (n=41) and a control group (n=39). The children in the intervention group did near- and middle-vision activities less than 30 hrs per week and more outdoor activities than 14-15 hrs per week. Myopia progression was observed regularly over 2 years after which ophthalmologists administered questionnaires regarding near-vision work (reading, writing and using computer), middle-vision work (watching TV and extracurricular learning activities), outdoor activities, using nature light, wearing glasses, etc.

RESULTSThe annual mean myopia progression (0.38 ± 0.15 D) in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (0.52 ± 0.19 D; P<0.01). The children in the two groups spent similar amounts of time in near-vision activities, but the children in the intervention group spent less time in middle-vision activities (P<0.01) and more outdoor activities (13.7 ± 2.4 vs 6.2 ± 1.6 hrs/wk; P<0.01). When considering all children in the study, there were 4 factors that significantly correlated with less myopia progression: more outdoor activities, more time spent wearing glasses, more time spent in natural light and less time using a computer. When analyzing the intervention group separately, more outdoor activity was inversely correlated with myopia progression (t=-2.510, P<0.05). Separate analysis of the control group indicated that more time wearing glasses was correlated with less myopia progression (t=-3.115, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMyopia progression in school children may be slowed by more outdoor activities, more time spent in natural light and more time wearing corrective glasses.

Child ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Male ; Myopia ; etiology ; Refraction, Ocular ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo study the progression of myopia in school-age children over the past 12 years and factors influencing myopia progression.

METHODSA total of 4569 cases of 5 to 12-year-old children who had refractive examinations in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between January 2000 and December 2011 were enrolled in this study. The children had no family history of congenital high myopia or other eye diseases. Myopia progression was evaluated when the children were re-examined. The refractive state of each child was measured with cyclopiegic retinoscopy.

RESULTSThe mean spherical equivalent (SE) myopia was-2.0±1.7 D between January 2000 and December 2011. There was no statistical difference in yearly myopia progression between different years. The average age of the myopic children decreased from 10.1 in 2000 to 8.9 years old in 2011 (P<0.05). Mean myopia progression was -0.6±0.7 D per year from 2000 to 2011. Myopia progression reduced gradually in 5 to 8-year-olds (P<0.05), however, it accelerated between ages 9 and 11 years. Myopia progression in 10- and 11-year-olds was significantly greater than in 7- and 8-year-olds (P<0.01). The multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age and baseline myopic refraction were positively related to myopia progression.

CONCLUSIONSThere was no obvious change in the yearly myopia progression of the children over the past 12 years. The mean age of myopia occurrence became younger with time. More preventive measures are needed to ward off high myopia in children with moderate myopia, especially those aged over 10 years.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Myopia ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUNDMyopia is a common disorder and the incidence has increased yearly, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met in the development of lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs.

METHODSSixty one-week-old guinea pigs were chosen. The right eyes were treated with -10.0 diopters (D) lenses as the lens-induced myopia group; the left eyes remained untreated as the control group. Six weeks later, refractive status and axial length were determined by streak retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasonography, respectively. The guinea pigs were killed and both eyes collected. Morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression levels of HGF, c-Met, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) mRNA and protein in the posterior sclera were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively.

RESULTSThe lens-induced myopia group became myopic with a significant increase in axial length and a significant decrease in refraction. Compared with the control group, the posterior retina and sclera were thinner in the lens-induced myopia group. The expression levels of HGF and MMP-2 mRNA and protein and of phosphorylated c-Met protein were significantly higher in the posterior sclera of the lens-induced myopia group than in the control group (all P < 0.05). In the lens-induced myopia group, the expression level of MMP-2 in the posterior sclera positively correlated with the expression level of HGF (r = 0.902, P < 0.05) and phosphorylated c-Met (r = 0.885, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONHGF/c-Met might play a role in the development of lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs by upregulating the expression of MMP-2.

Animals ; Guinea Pigs ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; metabolism ; Myopia ; etiology ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEA systematic review of literature was performed to compare various visual function parameters including the final visual acuity outcome and/or adverse events between corneal refractive surgery (CLRS) and phakic intraocular lens implantation (p-IOLi) in the treatment of refractive amblyopic children.

DATA SOURCESTwo reviewers independently searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Controlled Trials Register databases for publications from 1991 to 2013.

STUDY SELECTIONThere were 25 articles, including 597 patients and 682 eyes, was included in CLRS group. Among them, 21 articles reported the use of CLRS in the treatment of myopic anisometropia for 318 patients (13 photorefractive keratectomy or laser epithelial keratomileusis and eight laser in situ keratomileusis). And 11 articles had the results of CLRS in treating hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia children. Eleven articles reported the effect of p-IOLi for treating high myopia or anisometropic amblyopia, including 61 patients (75 eyes). Age, pre- and postoperation best-corrected vision acuity (BCVA), and spherical equivalent (SE) were compared in CLRS and p-IOLi groups.

RESULTSThe average age of CLRS group and p-IOLi group has no statistically significant difference. The SE in CLRS group for myopic anisometropia amblyopia patients was (-10.13 ± 2.73) diopters (D) and for hyperopic anisometropia amblyopia patients was (5.58 ± 1.28) D. In p-IOLi group the SE was (-14.01 ± 1.93) D. BCVA was improved significantly in both groups, and even better in p-IOLi group. Refractive errors were corrected in both groups, but there was no clinically significant difference in final SE between each group. More than one-half of the children had improved binocular fusion and stereopsis function in both groups.

CONCLUSIONSBoth CLRS group and p-IOLi group showed their advantage in treating refractive amblyopia in children. In comparing p-IOLi with CLRS for treatment of refractive amblyopia, no statistically significant difference in final BCVA was observed.

Amblyopia ; etiology ; surgery ; therapy ; Anisometropia ; complications ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Myopia ; complications

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of form-deprivation on level of gelatinase in the posterior sclera in chicks. METHODS: Fifty 1-day-old chicks were monocularly deprived to establish the animal model of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). According to the duration of form-deprivation the experimental chicks were divided randomly and equivalently into 5 groups, which were deprived for 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days respectively. Meanwhile the other eyes of the deprived chicks were used as self-control groups and chicks of the same days were chosen randomly as the normal control groups for each FDM group. At each form-deprivation point the changes of degree of diopters and axial length of chicks in each group were recorded. The levels of gelatinase in posterior sclera of the experimental eyes were measured by gelatin enzymography. RESULTS: Compared with the normal and self-control groups, the levels of MMP-2 activity in FDM groups were much higher (P <0.01). With the increase of the time of monocular deprivation these changes became more significant and reached the top after 14 days' deprivation with an inter-group statistical difference (P <0.01). The dynamic changes of MMP-2 activity were the same as those of axial length and degree of diopters in each experimental groups. There was positive correlation between the MMP-2 activity and axial length (r = 0.989, P < 0.01). But there was a negative correlation between the MMP-2 activity and refractive degree. CONCLUSION Increase of MMP-2 activity in the posterior sclera of chicks would be a direct key factor to trigger sclera ECM remodeling process in chick FDM.
Animals ; Chickens ; Gelatinases ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; metabolism ; Myopia ; enzymology ; etiology ; Sclera ; enzymology

Laser keratomileusis and excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy in situ are widely used therapies for treating myopia. The corrections of refractive error by glasses or contact lens result in a relatively equal refractive correction on both eyes. However, refractive surgery on a single eye can cause a focus disparity between both eyes and may result in the impairment of fusion leading to strabismus. This article aims to report a case where diplopia and esotropia occurred 1 month after laser keratomileusis (LASIK) in situ for the correction of myopia.
Adult ; Case Report ; Diplopia/etiology* ; Esotropia/etiology* ; Female ; Human ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ/adverse effects* ; Myopia/surgery ; Reoperation ; Treatment Outcome

Choroidal Neovascularization ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Humans ; Hyperthermia, Induced ; Myopia, Degenerative ; complications ; epidemiology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; antagonists & inhibitors

A 42-year-old man was admitted to our clinic complaining of visual distortion in his left eye two months after bilateral myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed a stage II macular hole in the left eye. Simultaneous OCT in the right eye showed vitreous traction and distortion of the outer retina. One month later, the patient underwent vitrectomy for the left eye, and the macular hole was closed. Two months after that, the patient complained of visual distortion in the right eye, and OCT revealed increased traction and accentuated outer retinal distortion indicating a stage IB macular hole. Traction attenuated later without any intervention. The short interval between PRK and hole formation, bilateral involvement, and the moderate refractive error in this case highlight the possible role of PRK in aggravating vitreoretinal interface abnormalities. We recommend the addition of PRK to the list of procedures that may be associated with the formation of a macular hole.
Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia/*surgery ; Photorefractive Keratectomy/*adverse effects ; Retina/*pathology ; Retinal Perforations/diagnosis/*etiology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; *Visual Acuity

For the treatment of undercorrection after myopic epikeratoplasty, early suture removal, scar revision, retrephination, replacement of lenticule and, recently, excimer laser photorefractive keratoplasty have been employed. We performed trephination with Hessburg-Barron vacuum trephine on 11 eyes of 11 patients whose post-epikeratoplasty myopic power was over -4.00 diopters for 3 consecutive months. Patients were followed up on post-trephination 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. The mean duration from epikeratoplasty to trephination was 14.27 months, the mean pre-trephination spherical equivalent was -8.50 D and the mean keratometric reading was 40.87 D. The mean reduction of spherical equivalent was -4.07, -5.99, -8.02 D at post-trephination 1, 3, 6 months, respectively. The mean keratometric reading was 37.60 diopters at 1 month and 41.53 diopters at 6 months. At 1 and 3 months, there were significant reductions of myopic power in refraction and keratometry (p < 0.01), but, at 6 months, regression to pre-trephination levels took place (p > 0.05). There was no change of uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity between baseline and post-trephination 6 months.
Adult ; Epikeratophakia/instrumentation/*methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia/etiology/*surgery ; Refraction, Ocular ; Reoperation ; Visual Acuity