Apoptosis is a crucial mechanism for the selective elimination of mammalian cells and is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The heightened awareness of the importance of apoptosis has increased the need for rapid and quantitative methods for measurement of apoptotic changes. Recently, 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) has been introduced as a valuable fluorescent dye for assessing apoptosis by flow cytometry. When the cells are stained with 7-AAD in the concentration of 10 - 20 ug/ml, live cells are not stained (7-AAD ) and early apoptotic cells are weakly stained (7-AAD ) while late apoptotic or dead cells are stained brightly (7-AAD). On scattergram of forward angle light scatter vs. 7-AAD fluorescence, the three populations can be discriminated not only between each other but also from cell debris or clumps. The apoptotic cells, defined as 7- AAD cells, were demonstrated as apoptotic by morphological observation of the sorted cells. The 7-AAD cell fraction was also demonstrated to be parallel with subdiploid fraction of cells stained with PL However, 7-AAD cells, whose definition is based on the alteration of membrane integrity, have never been demonstrated to be subdiploid fraction by simultaneous DNA staining. Here we directly demonstrate that 7-AAD cells, defined on the scattergram of forward angle light scatter vs. 7-AAD fluorescence, are subdiploid fraction by staining with DNA dye whose fluorescence is collected after 530/30 band pass filter (FL-1). We also demonstrate the effects of 7-AAD concentration, fixation of cells, and proliferation of cells, on the fluorescence pattern, for reference during assessment of apoptosis by simple and rapid method for flow cytometric analysis of cells stained with 7- AAD. We also present a flow cytometric analysis of cells stained with 7-AAD Eor sequential change in apoptotic fraction, with concurrent dual-color immunophenotyping.
Apoptosis* ; DNA ; Flow Cytometry* ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique* ; Immunophenotyping ; Membranes ; Pathologic Processes

Intussusception can develop at any age but about 95% of patients are children under 2 years-old. Adult intussusception is a rare condition. Unlike children, nearly all adults with intussusception have a lead point such as benign or malignant small bowel tumors, intestinal tuberculosis, or Meckel's diverticulum. First case is a 48-year-old male who was admitted with 2 days of diffuse abdominal cramping pain and no other associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Barium enema revealed ileocolic intussusception with a round cecal mass after barium reduction. An ileocecectomy was performed electively. The pathologic report was cecal cyst, which was an intraluminal structure with an epithelial lining of colonic mucosa. The second case, a 53-year-old male, was admitted with 1 week of diffuse abdominal cramping pain and watery diarrhea. Barium enema revealed ileocecal intussusception. Emergency surgery (ileocecectomy), revealed a polypoid small bowel mass. The pathologic report was lipoma. Recently, we experienced two cases of adult intussusception and report these cases with a brief review of the literature.
Adult* ; Barium ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Colic ; Colon ; Diarrhea ; Emergencies ; Enema ; Humans ; Intussusception* ; Lipoma ; Male ; Meckel Diverticulum ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane ; Tuberculosis

Delayed-onset continuous bruxism due to brain stem infarction has not yet been reported. A 49-year old man presented with quadriplegia and ophthalmoplegia. Brain MRI showed acute infarction in the bilateral midbrain, right thalamus and the superior cerebellum. One month later, the patient developed bruxism which persisted during sleep. A palatal myoclonus was not observed. Follow up MRI taken 4 months later showed bilateral olivary hypertrophy. We suggest that the patient's bruxism may be related to the olivary hypertrophy. The bruxism generator may be located in the pontine-reticular-formation (PRF). Bilateral large midbrain lesions interrupting the cortical inhibition may have produced bilateral olivary hypertrophy, which could stimulate the PRF, producing continuous bruxism.
Brain ; Brain Stem Infarctions* ; Bruxism* ; Cerebellum ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertrophy* ; Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon ; Middle Aged ; Myoclonus ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Quadriplegia ; Thalamus

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light irradiation modes on polymerization shrinkage, degree of cure and microleakage of a composite resin. VIP(TM) (Bisco Dental Products, Schaumburg, IL, USA) and Optilux 501(TM) (Demetron/Kerr, Danbury, CT, USA) were used for curing Filtek(TM) Z-250 (3M Dental Products, St. Paul., MN, USA) composite resin using following irradiation modes: VIP(TM) (Bisco) 200mW/cm2 (V2), 400mW/cm2 (V4), 600mW/cm2 (V6), Pulse-delay (200 mW/cm2 3 seconds, 5 minutes wait, 600mW/cm2 30seconds, VPD) and Optilux 501(TM) (Demetron/Kerr) C-mode (OC), R-mode (OR). Linear polymerization shrinkage of the composite specimens were measured using Linometer (R&B, Daejeon, Korea) for 90 seconds for V2, V4, V6, OC, OR groups and for up to 363 seconds for VPD group (n=10, each). Degree of conversion was measured using FTIR spectrometer (IFS 120 HR, Bruker Karlsruhe, Germany) at the bottom surface of 2 mm thick composite specimens. V2, V4, V6, OC groups were measured separately at five irradiation times (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 seconds) and OR, VPD groups were measured in the above mentioned irradiation modes (n=5, each). Microhardness was measured using Digital microhardness tester (FM7, Future-Tech Co., Tokyo, Japan) at the top and bottom surfaces of 2mm thick composite specimens after exposure to the same irradiation modes as the test of degree of conversion(n=3, each). For the microleakage test, class V cavities were prepared on the distal surface of the ninety extracted human third molars. The cavities were restored with one of the following irradiation modes: V2/60 seconds, V4/40 seconds, V6/30 seconds, VPD, OC and OR. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration along enamel and dentin margins of cavities. Mean polymerization shrinkage, mean degree of conversion and mean microhardness values for all groups at each time were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, and using chi-square test for microleakage values. The results were as follows: 1. Polymerization shrinkage was increased with higher light intensity in groups using VIP(TM) (Bisco): the highest with 600mW/cm2, followed by Pulse-delay, 400mW/cm2 and 200mW/cm2 groups. The degree of polymerization shrinkage was higher with Continuous mode than with Ramp mode in groups using Optilux 501(TM) (Demetron/Kerr). 2. Degree of conversion and microhardness values were higher with higher light intensity. The final degree of conversion was in the range of 44.7 to 54.98% and the final microhardness value in the range of 34.10 to 56.30. 3. Microleakage was greater in dentin margin than in enamel margin. Higher light intensity showed more microleakage in dentin margin in groups using VIP(TM) (Bisco). The micoleakage was the lowest with Continuous mode in enamel margin and with Ramp mode in dentin margin when Optilux 501(TM)(Demetron/Kerr) was used.
Architectural Accessibility ; Dental Enamel ; Dentin ; Humans ; Light ; Molar, Third ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Tokyo

PURPOSE: Enterovirus (EV) infection in children can manifest various diseases from asymptomatic infection to nonspecific febrile illness, hand-foot-mouth disease, and aseptic meningitis. This study was aimed to investigate epidemiology and clinical significance of various genotypes of EV infections in pediatric inpatient. METHODS: We collected the stool samples from the admitted pediatric patients in Inha University Hospital from March 2014 to March 2015. EV detection and genotype identification were performed by real-time RT-PCR and semi-nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbor joining method. RESULTS: A total of 400 samples were collected during study period and 112 patients (28%) were diagnosed with EV infections. The mean age of EV positive patients was 2.66 years (0.1-14) and sex ratio was 1.73:1. Genetic sequences of EVs were identified; coxsackievirus B5 (17, 15.2%), coxsackievirus A16 (13, 11.6%), enterovirus 71 (10, 8.9%), and coxsackievirus A2 (9, 8.0%). Nonspecific febrile illness (96, 86%) was the most common clinical manifestation and the duration of fever was 0-11 days (mean 3.1 days). Rash (44, 39%) and meningitis (43, 38%) were followed. Patients who were attending daycare center or had siblings accounted for 82.1%. Phylogenetic relationship tree revealed 6 distinct genogroups among 56 types of EVs. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the report of epidemiology, serotype distribution and clinical manifestations of children with EV infection in Incheon. This data will be helpful for further study about the epidemiology of EV infection in Korea.
Asymptomatic Infections ; Child ; Enterovirus* ; Epidemiology* ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Genotype ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Inpatients* ; Korea ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Sex Ratio ; Siblings ; Trees

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired respiratory infection in children. Through uncertain pathologic mechanisms, which most probably involve immunologically cell-mediated tissue damage, it causes life-threatening disease on rare occasion. We herein report a case of M. pneumoniae pneumonia, with encephalopathy followed by multiple organ failure in a previously healthy boy. Despite of intensive therapies with intravenous antibiotics, corticosteroid, hemodiafiltration, and transfusion, his neurologic and pulmonary sequales have remained. In most cases M. pneumoniae pneumonia are usually self- limiting with benign outcome. Even in healthy individual, however, it can manifest itself with a fulminant course and multi organ failure.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Child ; Hemodiafiltration ; Humans ; Multiple Organ Failure ; Mycoplasma ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma

Lung toxicity associated with cyclophosphamide use is a rare but serious side effect, that may result in a fatal course. However no such cases have been reported in Korea, so clinicians would not be alert to this adverse effect. We recently experienced a woman with Wegener's granulomatosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This patient had been administered 12 grams of cyclophosphamide for 4 months. At that time of admission, She felt aggravating dyspnea on exertion for 2 weeks. Her chest x-ray and high resolution CT revealed aggravated reticular opacities and ground glass appearances. Dyspnea was improved and ground glass appearances on HRCT was disappeared after discontinuation of cyclophosphamide. We diagnosed this case as cyclophosphamide-induced pneumonitis and report it with a brief review of the literature.
Cyclophosphamide* ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Glass ; Humans ; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ; Korea ; Lung* ; Pneumonia ; Thorax ; Wegener Granulomatosis*

Parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon cause of PTH-related hypercalcemia with a reported incidence of 0.4% to 5% of all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Even though the clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism are more severe in patients with parathyroid carcinoma than in those with parathyroid adenoma, it is difficult to differentiate carcinoma from adenoma preoperatively. Parathyroid carcinomas are usually larger and firmer than parathyroid adenomas and patients with parathyroid carcinoma have a higher incidence of renal dysfunction, bone disease and gastrointestinal symptoms. Anemia is an uncommon clinical feature of parathyroid carcinoma. There have been no prior cases of ectopic parathyroid carcinomas reported to date. In this article, we report the case of a 26-year-old man who developed severe anemia and acute renal failure due to an ectopic parathyroid tumor and was diagnosed with parathyroid carcinoma postoperatively. His serum calcium levels returned to normal and the anemia resolved postoperatively.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Adenoma ; Adult ; Anemia* ; Bone Diseases ; Calcium ; Humans ; Hypercalcemia ; Hyperparathyroidism ; Hyperparathyroidism, Primary ; Incidence ; Parathyroid Neoplasms* ; Renal Insufficiency*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), also known as des-carboxyprothrombin (DCP), can be used as an alternative tool to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of the present study were to compare PIVKA-II levels between the patients with HCC and patients with non-HCC chronic liver disease, to evaluate the correlation of PIVKA-II and AFP in HCC patients, and finally to estimate the optimal cut-off value for PIVKA-II for the diagnosis of HCC with using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. METHODS: A total of 227 consecutive patients with HCC (n=42) or chronic liver disease (n=185) were enrolled in this study. HCC was diagnosed histologically or by imaging such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or angiography. The serum PIVKA-II and AFP levels were measured by electrochemiluminoimmunoassay with using the Haicatch PIVKA-II kit and by immunoradiometric assay, respectively. RESULTS: The PIVKA-II level in the HCC patients was significantly higher than the non-HCC chronic liver disease patients (903.0+/-1156.7 vs. 111.7+/-211.0 mAU/ mL, respectively, P<0.01). PIVKA-II and AFP showed a statistical correlation in HCC patients (r=0.46, P<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of PIVKA-II for the diagnosis of HCC were 66.7% and 74.1%, respectively, and when tasted together with AFP, the sensitivity was increased by 85.7%. For the ROC curve of PIVKA-II in HCC patients, the specificity of a 250 mAU/mL level of PIVKA-II was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: PIVKA-II was as useful surveillance tool for differentiating HCC from chronic liver disease, and a PIVKA-II value of 250 mAU/ mL was proposed as a significant cut-off value for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Adult ; Aged ; Biological Markers/*blood ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Protein Precursors/*blood ; Prothrombin ; ROC Curve ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*blood ; alpha-Fetoproteins/analysis

This study was carried out to examine the proportion of fatty acids and contents of trans fatty acid in commercial processed foods in Jeon-Buk area. Contents of trans fatty acid in bakery products ranged from 0.2% to 1.0% per 100 g food. Especially garlic bread and pastry contained the highest amount. Popcorns contained trans fatty acid from 0.0% to 13.4%. Among them, instant popcorns for microwave contained the highest amount, while trans fatty acid was hardly detected in popcorns for theater. And trans fatty acid detected in popcorns was mostly in the form of 18 : 1 trans. The content of trans fatty acid in pizza was nearly 0.2%. Amounts of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid were similar between each type of pizza and frozen pizza. Fritters such as fried chickens and vegetables contained trans fatty acid less than 0.2% per 100 g food.
Bread ; Chickens ; Fatty Acids ; Garlic ; Microwaves ; Vegetables