Reperfusion is the most effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction, markedly reducing mortality and morbidity. Reperfusion however induces necrotic and apoptotic damages to cardiomyocytes, that were viable prior to reperfusion, a process called myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury(MI/RI). Over the past 30 years, hundreds of experimental interventions (both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) have been reported to protect the ischemic myocardium in experimental animals; however, with the exception of early reperfusion, none has been translated into clinical practice. The population-based survey assessed men have about twice the total incidence of morbidity and mortality of women, and the sex gap in morbidity tends to diminish after age 45 years. So hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is given to treat the MI/RI, and lots of studies shows that the side effect is greater for estrogen, compared with phyestrogen. In this article, we review the important pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, the prevention and limitations of HRT. And we highlight the mechanism of phyestrogens treatment the MI/RI in experiment. The aim is to provide the theoretically new way of develop the safe and effective products for the researchers.
Animals ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; Phytoestrogens ; administration & dosage ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage

Animals ; Male ; Medicine, Mongolian Traditional ; Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy* ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; Myocardium ; NF-kappa B ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Basic studies have shown a variety of ion channels are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, including L type Ca(2+) channel, T type Ca(2+) channel, ATP-sensitive potassium channel, If (funny) channel and late Na(+) channel. Clinical studies showed that the regulation of these channels function can improve myocardial blood supply and metabolism of myocardium. What is summarized below relates to the clinical usefulness of various ion channel antagonists reviewed by a clinical cardiologist, not a basic scientist working on ion channel biology.
Cardiovascular Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Ion Channels ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy

PUE@PEG-PLGA micelles has excellent characteristics such as small particle size, high drug loading and slow drug release. The results of TEM electron microscopy showed that PUE@PEG-PLGA micelles had obvious core-shell structure. The critical micelle concentration(CMC) of PEG-PLGA micelles determined by pyrene assay was about 4.8 mg·L~(-1). Laser confocal experiments showed that PEG-PLGA micelles can enhance the cellular uptake of coumarin-6 and aggregate around the mitochondria; quantitative results of extracellular drug residues also indirectly confirmed that PEG-PLGA micelles can promote cellular uptake of the drug. Acute ischemic myocardial model rats were prepared by coronary artery ligation, and then the model rats were randomly divided into six groups: Sham operation group, model group, puerarin(PUE) group, as well as low-, mid-, and high-dose PUE@PEG-PLGA micelles groups. Drugs were given by iv administration 5 min after the ligation. The ST segment changes in the electrocardiogram were monitored; serum creatine kinase(CK), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels were detected and myocardial infarct size was also measured. Both PUE and PUE@PEG-PLGA micelles can reduce the elevated ST segment, reduce serum CK, LDH, AST and MDA levels, and reduce myocardial infarct size. The efficacy of PUE@PEG-PLGA medium and high dose groups was significantly better than that in the PUE group, and the efficacy in PUE@PEG-PLGA low dose group was basically equivalent to that in the PUE group. PUE@PEG-PLGA micelles can greatly improve the cardiomyocytes uptake of PUE, enhance the anti-acute myocardial ischemia effect of drugs, and reduce its dosage.
Animals ; Isoflavones ; pharmacology ; Micelles ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; Polyesters ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Random Allocation ; Rats

In this paper, the theoretical and experimental researches concerning the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by Chinese medicine (CM) therapy of activating blood circulation and removing stasis in recent five years were reviewed, and the mechanisms were summarized. Thereby, based upon the current development of molecular biology and application of new technology, the authors offered their suggestions on the emphasized points and methods of present CM study in this scope.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Phytotherapy

Animals ; Arginine ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Rabbits

OBJECTIVETo investigate the establishment of mini-porcine myocardial ischemia (MI) model induced by thrombosis via cardiac catheterization intervention, and observe the anti-MI action of Shuangshen Ningxin Capsule (SNC).

METHODSMI model of Chinese mini-porcine was established by injection of self-thrombus in left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with guiding catheter through carotid artery. The effect of SNC on MI was evaluated comprehensively by analyzing the parameters as coronary embolism, 30 dots surface mapping electrocardiogram and quantitative histology, etc.

RESULTSLAD in the model animals was basically embolized 6 days after modeling, showing increase of amplitude and dot of ST segment elevation. After being administered with SNC for 6 days, the self-thrombus blocked LAD was recanalized and the degree and extent of MI reduced.

CONCLUSIONIt is the first time to successfully establish MI model of Chinese mini-procine by thrombosis via cardiac catheterization intervention. SNC has anti-MI effect.

Animals ; Capsules ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; Phytotherapy ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature

Angiogenesis is a biological process of growing new vessels from the existed vascular structure. Many factors, such as vascular endothelia growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, can stimulate the formation of new vessels. Promoting revascularization in ischemic myocardium has been a novel therapeutic strategy for ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Recently, investigators have done a lot of work in experimental researches and clinical trials, and made some progress. Nevertheless, there are still some problems to be solved in therapeutic angiogenesis. Clinical validity of traditional Chinese medicinal treatment and its therapeutic principles including strengthening qi and activating blood, removing blood stasis to stimulate generation of blood, etc. are the theoretic and clinical basis for TCM study on angiogenesis.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; therapeutic use ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phytotherapy

Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy* ; Myocardium ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Triglycerides

Rhus chinensis is an important resource plant. The aqueous extract of R. chinensis roots or stems was to produce Shuguantong Syrup, which is mainly used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris with definite curative effect. On this basis, the crude phenolic part of R. chinensis prepared by macroporous resin was evaluated for the cardio protective effect against myocardial ischemia in mice. The results showed that the phenolic part group with oral administration at the dosages of 190.8-381.6 mg·kg~(-1), compared with the model group, reduced the values of left ventricular end systolic diameter(LVEDs) and the left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDd), and increased the cardiac ejection fraction(EF) and left ventricular fractional shortening(FS) rate, which could effectively improve cardiac function and exert its anti-myocardial ischemia effect, and reduce the rising levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in serum. HE staining showed that the phenolic part group reduced the infiltration of myocardial inflammatory cells and alleviated the degree of myocardial fibrosis and collagen deposition. TUNEL staining showed that the blue-green fluorescence of the phenolic part group decreased successively, and the degree of myocardial cell apoptosis was reduced. Immunohistochemical staining suggested that it could reduce the number of positive cells for p53 protein expression and significantly improve myocardial cell damage. All above data suggested that the phenolic part group had an anti-mycardial ischemis effect. Related mechanism studies revealed that the crude phenolic part could regulate the expressions of the p53 gene(p53), Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax), B lymphoma-2 gene(Bcl-2), and caspase-3 protein(caspase-3) in myocardial tissue, suggesting that it could reduce cardiac remodeling and myocardial ischemic damage, and improve cardiac function by inhibiting myocardial apoptosis.This research laid a foundation for the elucidation of the pharmacological ingredients R. chinensis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Mice ; Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy* ; Myocardium ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology* ; Rhus ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein